Modeling and simulating of radiation effects on the performance degradation of GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells induced by different energy protons

Li Jun-Wei; Wang Zu-Jun; Shi Cheng-Ying; Xue Yuan-Yuan; Ning Hao; Xu Rui; Jiao Qian-Li; Jia Tong-Xuan

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20191878

Abstract

The GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells have been widely used for spacecraft energy sources because of their simple manufacturing process, stable structures, high conversion efficiency, and low cost. The performances of the GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells show a remarkable degradation after space proton irradiation. At present, the experimental researches of proton irradiation of GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells with different energy and fluence have been carried out. However, the experimental researches can analyze the proton radiation damage only under the specific energy and fluence, but cannot analyze the proton radiation damage under the complete space energy spectrum. The numerical simulation of triple-junction solar cells can be used to accurately analyze the degradation of major parameters under different energy proton irradiations which cannot be achieved experimentally.In this paper, the modeling of degradation for GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells, induced by proton irradiation with different energy is studied by numerical simulation. The energy values include 0.7 MeV, 1 MeV, 3 MeV, 5 MeV, and 10 MeV. The structure of GaInP/GaAs/Ge model and proton irradiation-induced defect model with different energy and fluence are established. The I-V curves and spectral response curves under different proton irradiation conditions are obtained. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The degradation of major parameters of GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells, caused by different energy and fluence proton irradiations, is studied, these parameters being the short circuit current, open circuit voltage, minority carrier lifetime, electron current density, external quantum efficiency, and maximum power. The degradation curve of the maximum power with displacement damage dose is obtained by fitting the degradation simulation results under different proton irradiation conditions. Displacement damage defects induced by protons are introduced into triple-junction solar cells, which lead the minority carrier diffusion length to degrade. The degradation increases with the proton energy decreasing. In the meanwhile, it will lead the related electrical parameters to degrade, which increases with the proton energy decreasing. The simulation results show that related electrical parameters decrease with the proton irradiation fluence increasing. Under the same proton irradiation condition, the external quantum efficiency degradation of GaAs sub-cell is larger than that of GaInP sub-cell because the irradiation resistance of GaAs is poor. Among the degradations of spectral response of GaAs sub-cell at different wavelengths, the degradation in the long wave is greater than that in the short wave. It is found that the degradations of GaAs sub-cell related electrical parameters are mainly due to the damage to the base region.

Keywords:

GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells /
irradiation-induced defects /
proton irradiation model /
numerical simulation

Authors and contacts

1.
Xi’an Research Institute of High-Technology, Xi’an 710025, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Intense Pulsed Irradiation Simulation and Effect, Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi’an 710024, China
3.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China

Corresponding author: Wang Zu-Jun, wangzujun@nint.ac.cn ; Xue Yuan-Yuan, xueyuanyuan@nint.ac.cn ;

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References

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[11]	Guo H L, Shi L F, Wu Y Y, Sun Q, Yu H, Xiao J D, Guo B 2018 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 431 1 Google Scholar
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[22]	Silvaco Atlas User’s Manual http://www.silvaco.com.cn [2019-10-20]
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Cited By

图 1 GaInP/GaAs/Ge三结太阳电池结构模型

Figure 1. Structure parameters of GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 最大输出功率随辐照注量变化的模拟与实验结果

Figure 2. Normalized maximum power versus fluence at the proton irradiation energy of 1 and 3 MeV (symbols and lines are experimental and simulation results respectively).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 不同能量和注量的质子辐照后, GaInP/GaAs/Ge三结太阳电池的I-V曲线　(a) 0.7 MeV; (b) 1 MeV; (c) 3 MeV; (d) 5 MeV; (e) 10 MeV

Figure 3. Simulation results of I-V curves of GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells irradiated by protons with different energy and fluence: (a) 0.7 MeV; (b) 1 MeV; (c) 3 MeV; (d) 5 MeV; (e) 10 MeV.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 不同能量质子辐照下, 归一化短路电流随辐照注量变化的模拟结果

Figure 4. Simulation results of normalized short-circuit current versus proton fluence for the GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells irradiated by different energy proton.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 不同能量质子辐照下, 归一化开路电压随辐照注量变化的模拟结果

Figure 5. Simulation results of normalized open-circuit voltage versus proton fluence for GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells irradiated by different energy proton.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 辐照注量为3 × 10¹² cm^–2, 顶电池GaInP和中电池GaAs在不同能量质子辐照下的外量子效率

Figure 6. Simulation results of external quantum efficiency of GaInP and GaAs sub-cells before and after different energy proton irradiation with the fluence of 3 × 10¹² cm^–2.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 (a)初始中电池GaAs的基区少数载流子(电子)电流(J_e)的模拟结果; (b)不同能量质子辐照下, 沿A-A′ 切线的中电池GaAs基区电子电流密度随基区厚度的变化

Figure 7. (a) Simulation results of current density (J_e) of minority carriers (electron) of GaAs middle cell base region before irradiation; (b) simulation results of current density of minority carriers (electron) versus base thickness for GaAs middle cell base region before and after different energy proton irradiation with the fluence of 3 × 10¹² cm^–2.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 不同能量质子辐照下, 三结太阳电池最大输出功率随辐照注量的退化结果

Figure 8. Simulation results of normalized maximum power versus proton fluence for GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells irradiated by different energy proton.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 三结太阳电池最大输出功率随位移损伤剂量的退化结果

Figure 9. Degradation of normalized maximum power versus displacement damage dose for GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 能量为3 MeV, 注量为1 × 10¹³ cm^–2质子辐照后, 顶电池GaInP的能级缺陷^[19]

Table 1. GaInP defect parameters after 3 MeV proton irradiation with the fluence of 1 × 10¹³ cm^–2.

Deep level E/eV N_T/10¹⁴cm^–3

H1 E_v + 0.55 eV 2.70
H2 E_v + 0.71 eV 4.05
H3 E_v + 0.90 eV 1.80
E1 E_c – 0.20 eV 4.60
E2 E_c – 0.36 eV 1.00
E3 E_c – 0.54 eV 2.22

E4 E_c – 0.79 eV 3.60

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 能量为3 MeV, 注量为1 × 10¹³ cm^–2质子辐照后, 中电池GaAs的能级缺陷^[20]

Table 2. GaAs defect parameters after 3 MeV proton irradiation with the fluence of 1 × 10¹³ cm^–2.

Deep level E/eV N_T/10¹⁴ cm^–3

H1 E_v + 0.18 eV 4.030
H2 E_v + 0.23 eV 4.370
H3 E_v + 0.27 eV 4.790
H4 E_v + 0.77 eV 1.780
E1 E_c – 0.14 eV 1.600
E2 E_c – 0.25 eV 0.448
E3 E_c – 0.54 eV 0.557
E4 E_c – 0.72 eV 2.480

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	张忠卫, 陆剑峰, 池卫英, 王亮兴, 陈鸣波 2003 上海航天 03 33 Google Scholar Zhang Z W, Lu J F, Chi W Y, Wang L X, Chen M B 2003 Aerospace Shanghai 03 33 Google Scholar
[2]	Jones P A, Spence B R 2011 IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 26 17 Google Scholar
[3]	Lohmeyer W Q, Cahoy K 2013 Space Weather 11 476 Google Scholar
[4]	Zainud-Deen S H, Dawoud M, Malhat E A, Aboul-Dahab M A 2019 Wirel. Pers. Commun. 1 9 Google Scholar
[5]	Campesato R, Baur C, Casale M, Gervasi M, Gombia E, Greco E, Kingma A, Rancoita P G, Rozza D, Tacconi M 2018 arXiv: 1809. 07157 [physics. ins-det]
[6]	张延清 2017 博士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学) Zhang Y Q 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology) (in Chinese)
[7]	吴宜勇, 岳龙, 胡建民, 蓝慕杰, 肖景东, 杨德庄, 何世禹, 张忠卫, 王训春, 钱勇, 陈鸣波 2011 物理学报 60 098110 Google Scholar Wu Y Y, Yue L, Hu J M, Lan M J, Xiao J D, Yang D Z, He S Y, Zhang Z W, Wang X C, Qian Y, Chen M B 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 098110 Google Scholar
[8]	Wu R, Wang J L, Yan G, Wang R 2018 Chin. Phys. Lett. 35 046101 Google Scholar
[9]	齐佳红, 胡建民, 盛延辉, 吴宜勇, 徐建文, 王月媛, 杨晓明, 张子锐, 周扬 2015 物理学报 64 108802 Google Scholar Qi J H, Hu J M, Sheng Y H, Wu Y Y, Xu J W, Wang Y Y, Yang X M, Zhang Z R, Zhou Y 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 108802 Google Scholar
[10]	Bi Z, Zhang J C, Lv L, Hao Y 2014 IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 26 1492 Google Scholar
[11]	Guo H L, Shi L F, Wu Y Y, Sun Q, Yu H, Xiao J D, Guo B 2018 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 431 1 Google Scholar
[12]	Wang R, Lu M, Yi T C, Yang K, Ji X X 2014 Chin. Phys. Lett. 31 103 Google Scholar
[13]	Elahidoost A, Fathipour M, Mojab A 2012 20th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering Tehran, Iran, May 15−17, 2012 p113
[14]	Yan Y Y, Fang M H, Tang X B, Chen F D, Huang H, Sun X Y, Ji L L 2019 Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res. B 451 49 Google Scholar
[15]	Liu Y M, Sun Y, Rockett A 2012 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 98 124 Google Scholar
[16]	施敏 2003 半导体器件物理与工艺 (苏州: 苏州大学出版社) 第522页 Shi M 2003 Semiconductor Devices Physics and Technology (Suzhou: Suzhou University Press) p522 (in Chinese)
[17]	Wang R, Guo Z L, Zhang X H, Zhai Z X 2003 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 77 351 Google Scholar
[18]	Khan A, Yamaguchi M, Dharmaso N, Bourgoin J, Ando K, Takamoto T 2002 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41 1241 Google Scholar
[19]	Dharmarasu N, Yamaguchi M, Bourgoin J C, Takamoto T, Ohshima T, Itoh H, Imaizumi M, Matsuda S 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 64 Google Scholar
[20]	Li S S, Loo R Y 1991 Solar Cells 31 349 Google Scholar
[21]	朱美芳, 熊绍珍 2014 太阳电池基础与应用 (上卷) (北京: 科学出版社) 第110页 Zhu M F, Xiong S Z 2014 Foundation and Application of Solar Cells (Vol. 1) (Beijing: Science Press) p110 (in Chinese)
[22]	Silvaco Atlas User’s Manual http://www.silvaco.com.cn [2019-10-20]
[23]	Lu M, Wang R, Liu Y H, Hu W T, Feng Z, Han Z L 2011 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 269 1884 Google Scholar
[24]	王祖军, 唐本奇, 肖志刚, 刘敏波, 黄绍艳, 张勇 2010 物理学报 59 4136 Google Scholar Wang Z J, Tang B Q, Xiao Z G, Liu M B, Huang S Y, Zhang Y 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 4136 Google Scholar
[25]	Sato S, Miyamoto H, Imaizumi M, Shimazaki K, Morioka C, Kawano K, Ohshima T 2009 Sol Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93 768 Google Scholar
[26]	胡建民, 吴宜勇, 钱勇, 杨德庄, 何世禹 2009 物理学报 58 5051 Google Scholar Hu J M, Wu Y Y, Qian Y, Yang D Z, Yang S Y 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 5051 Google Scholar
[27]	Norde H 1979 J. Appl. Phys. 50 5052 Google Scholar
[28]	Herlufsen S, Schmidt J, Hinken D, Bothe K, Boendel R 2008 Phys. Status Solidi 2 245 Google Scholar
[29]	常晓阳, 尧舜, 张奇灵, 张杨, 吴波, 占荣, 杨翠柏, 王智勇 2016 物理学报 65 108801 Google Scholar Chang X Y, Yao S, Zhang Q L, Zhang Y, Wu B, Zhan R, Yang C B Wang Z Y 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 108801 Google Scholar
[30]	Anspaugh B E 1996 GaAs Solar Cell Radiation Handbook (Pasadena: Jet Propulsion Laboratory Publication) p5

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