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A fast and convenient method of recognizing the tongue tumor tissue based on bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) is proposed. According to the difference among the electrical characteristics of tongue tissue under different pathological and physiological conditions, we can judge whether it is pathological. This method can help the surgeon in the clinical resection of tongue cancer not only to remove the tumor completely, but also to retain the patient’s tongue function as much as possible. In this paper, a model of human tongue squamous cell carcinoma (HSC3) xenografted in situ is established in mice. The electrical properties of the normal tissue, mixed tumor tissue and tumor tissue are studied by the BIS technology. The amplitude spectrum shows that none of the three tissues can be distinguished well in a low frequency range of 100–8.09 × 105 Hz due to the influence of contact impedance, but they can be distinguished according to their electrical characteristics in a high frequency range of 8.09 × 105–5 × 106 Hz. In the process of the experiment, first of all, the tip, middle and root of the normal tongue are detected, and the results show that the impedance values of these three parts are similar in the high frequency band, so the influence of different positions of tongue on the impedance value can be excluded. Then, the same three regions of the cancerous tongue are detected, and three electrical parameters, namely relaxation frequency frelax, real part spectrum
${{{Z}}'_{\rm{relax}}}$ and imaginary part spectrum${{{Z}}''_{\rm{relax}}}$ of electrical impedance are extracted from the amplitude spectrum of high frequency band. The quantitative analyses of these three kinds of tissues show that the${{{Z}}'_{\rm{relax}}}$ and${{{Z}}''_{\rm{relax}}}$ of tumor tissue are the highest, and those of normal tissue are the lowest. Finally, the cancerous tissue coefficients α and β (the relative change percentage of the real part and imaginary part of the impedance value between the tested tissue and normal tissue) are determined according to these three electrical parameters for tumor tissue identification. The results show that when α ≤ 36.5% and β ≤ 31.2%, the tissue is normal; when α ≥ 36.5% and β ≥ 31.2%, the tissue may be mixed with tumor tissue; when α ≥ 82.7% and β ≥ 73.6%, the tissue is tumor tissue.-
Keywords:
- tongue cancer /
- bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy /
- electrical properties /
- relaxation frequency
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图 1 BIS检测仪器 (a) 阻抗分析仪及传感器; (b) 四电极传感器结构图
Figure 1. Measuring equipment of BIS: (a) Impedance analyzer and sensor; (b) structure diagram of four-electrode sensor.
图 2 舌体的HE染色图
Figure 2. HE staining of tongue.
图 3 舌体的幅值频谱
Figure 3. Amplitude spectrum of tongue.
图 4 HSC3癌变舌体的阻抗频谱 (a) 电阻抗实部Z′频谱; (b) 电阻抗虚部Z′′频谱
Figure 4. Impedance spectrum of tongue with HSC3 canceration: (a) Real part spectrum of electrical impedance; (b) imaginary part spectrum of electrical impedance.
图 5 HSC3癌变舌体组织电学特性对比 (a)弛豫频率 frelax对比; (b)电阻抗实部
$ {Z'_{\rm{relax}}} $ 对比; (c)电阻抗虚部$ {Z''_{\rm{relax}}} $ 对比Figure 5. Comparison of the electrical characteristics of tongue tissue in HSC3 canceration: (a) Comparison of frelax; (b) comparison of
$ {Z'_{\rm{relax}}} $ ; (c) comparison of$ {Z''_{\rm{relax}}} $ 表 1 阻抗测量值的最大相对误差
Table 1. Maximum relative error of impedance value.
组织区域 最大相对误差/% Mou1 Mou2 Mou3 N区域 2.65 4.45 2.68 B区域 2.54 1.36 2.77 T区域 1.24 1.73 3.95 
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[1] Koyama S, Tabuchi T, Okawa S, Morishima T, Ishimoto S, Ishibashi M, Miyashiro I 2020 Oral Oncol. 105 104653
Google Scholar
[2] 贾琼, 顾晓明 2011 辽宁医学院学报 32 280
Google Scholar
Jia Q, Gu X M 2011 J. Liaoning Med. Coll. 32 280
Google Scholar
[3] Samołyk-Kogaczewska N, Sierko E, Zuzda K, et al. 2019 Strahlenther. Onkol. 195 780
Google Scholar
[4] Shibuya Y, Tanimoto H, Umeda M, Yokoo S, Komori T 2004 Kobe J. Med. Sci. 50 1
[5] Noorlag R, Nulent T J W K, Delwel V E J, Pameijer F A, Es R J J V 2020 Oral Oncol. 110 104895
Google Scholar
[6] Yesuratnam A, Wiesenfeld D, Tsui A, Iseli T A, Hoorn S V, Ang M T, Guiney A, Phal P M 2014 Int. J. Oral Surg. 43 787
Google Scholar
[7] Mao M H, Wang S, Feng Z E, Li J Z, Li H, Qin L Z, Han Z X 2019 Oral Oncol. 91 79
Google Scholar
[8] Murakami R, Shiraishi S, Yoshida R, Sakata J, Yamana K, Hirosue A, Uchiyama Y, Nakayama H, Yamashita Y 2019 Acad. Radiol. 26 e180
Google Scholar
[9] Tarabichi O, Bulbul M G, Kanumuri V V, et al. 2019 Laryngoscope 129 662
Google Scholar
[10] Locatello L G, Bruno C, Pietragalla M, et al. 2020 Oral Oncol. 107 104749
Google Scholar
[11] Fu J Y, Zhu L, Li J, et al. 2020 Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 58 997
Google Scholar
[12] Furusawa J, Oridate N, SuZuki F, Homma A, Furuta Y, Fukuda S 2007 Oral Oncol. 44 793
[13] Baba A, Ojiri H, Ogane S, Hashimoto K, Inoue T, Takagiwa M, Goto T K 2021 Oral Radiol. 37 86
Google Scholar
[14] Wang L, Hu S, Liu K, Chen B, Wu H, Jia J, Yao J 2020 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 91 124104
Google Scholar
[15] 姚佳烽, 万建芬, 杨璐, 刘凯, 陈柏, 吴洪涛 2020 物理学报 69 163301
Google Scholar
Yao J F, Wan J F, Yang L, Liu K, Chen B, Wu H T 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 163301
Google Scholar
[16] Mahdavi R, Hosseinpour P, Abbasvandi F, MehrvarZ S, Abdolahad M J 2020 Biosens. Bioelectron. 165 112421
Google Scholar
[17] 陈玉娟, 王晓东, 吴剑, 付峰, 朱彩蓉, 蒲洋, 向飞, 戴涛 2016 四川大学学报 47 267
Chen Y J, Wang X D, Wu J, Fu F, Zhu C R, Pu Y, Xiang F, Dai T 2016 J. Sichuan.Univ. 47 267
[18] 李翔, 刘锋, 帅建伟 2016 物理学报 65 178704
Google Scholar
Li X, Liu F, Shuai J W 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 178704
Google Scholar
[19] Wang Y, Zhang W, Sun P, Cai Y, Xu W, Fan Q, Hu Q, Han W 2019 Theranostics 9 391
Google Scholar
[20] Liu X, Yao J, Zhao T, Obara H, Cui Y, Takei M 2018 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 12 623
Google Scholar
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