Analysis of influence of spatial distribution error of directional infrared light on temperature field of cryogenic targets

Guo Fu-Cheng; Li Cui; Li Yan-Zhong

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20212351

Abstract

For an inertial-confinement-fusion cryogenic target, the fusion ice layer inside the capsule should have a uniformity more than 99% and an inner surface roughness less than 1 μm (root mean square) to avoid Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. And this highly smooth ice layer required for ignition is generated in the presence of volumetric heat and affected by the thermal environment around the capsule. For the D₂ fuel targets, the uniformity of the fusion ice layer inside the capsule is consistent with the uniformity of the surface temperature around the capsule, and the latter can be controlled by directional infrared illumination. A major challenge of directional infrared illumination is the precision of directional infrared spatial distribution. In this paper, a numerical model coupling the directional infrared tracking and temperature field calculation is proposed and validated by experimental results. A three-dimensional physical model of the cryogenic target is used to study the influences of different forms of directional infrared spatial distribution errors on the temperature uniformity of the capsule. The results show that the eccentricity of IR band axis has the worst effect on the temperature uniformity of the capsule, followed by the distance between both IR bands, and the width of the IR band has the least effect on the temperature uniformity of the capsule. Therefore, the eccentricity of IR band axis should be avoided in experiment to ensure the uniformity of the temperature of the capsule, further ensuring the uniformity of the fuel ice layer inside the capsule.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

Corresponding author: Li Cui, xjtucli@xjtu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52176021).

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References

[1]	张歆, 章晓中, 谭新玉, 于奕, 万蔡华 2012 物理学报 61 147303 Google Scholar Zhang X, Zhang X Z, Tan X Y, Yu Y, Wan C H 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 147303 Google Scholar
[2]	杨旭东, 陈汉, 毕恩兵, 韩礼元 2015 物理学报 64 038404 Google Scholar Yang X D, Chen H, Bi E B, Han L Y 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 038404 Google Scholar
[3]	Horvath A, Rachlew E 2016 Ambio 45 38 Google Scholar
[4]	Chen W M, Kim H, Yamaguchi H 2014 Energy Policy 74 31 Google Scholar
[5]	程云鹤, 董洪光, 耿纪超, 何继善 2021 中国工程科学 23 11 Google Scholar Cheng Y H, Dong H G, Geng J C, He J S 2021 Strategic Study of CAE 23 11 Google Scholar
[6]	Fang S D, Zhao C H, Ding Z H, Zhang S X, Liao R J 2021 Proc Chin Soc Elect Eng DOI:10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.212121
[7]	张占文, 漆小波, 李波 2012 物理学报 61 145204 Google Scholar Zhang Z W, Qi X B, Li B 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 145204 Google Scholar
[8]	黄鑫, 彭述明, 周晓松, 余铭铭, 尹剑, 温成伟 2015 物理学报 64 215201 Google Scholar Huang X, Peng S M, Zhou X S, Yu M M, Yin J, Wen C W 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 215201 Google Scholar
[9]	Nuckolls J, Wood L, Thiessen A 1972 Nature 239 139 Google Scholar
[10]	Tang J, Xie Z Y, Du A, Ye J J, Zhang Z H, Shen J, Zhou B 2016 J. Fusion Energ. 35 357 Google Scholar
[11]	Holmlid L 2014 J. Fusion Energ. 33 348 Google Scholar
[12]	Lindl J D, Amendt P, Berger R L, Glendinning G, Glenzer S H, Haan S W, Kauffman R L, Landen O L, Suter L J 2004 Phys. Plasmas 11 339 Google Scholar
[13]	Baclet P, Bachelet F, Choux A, Fleury E, Jeannot L, Laffite S, Martin M, Moll G, Pascal G, Reneaume B, Theobald M 2006 Fusion Sci, Technol. 49 565 Google Scholar
[14]	王凯, 谢瑞, 林伟, 刘元琼, 黎军, 漆小波, 唐永建, 雷海乐 2013 强激光与粒子束 25 3230 Google Scholar Wang K, Xie R, Lin W, Liu Y Q, Li J, Qi X B, Tang Y J, Lei H L 2013 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 25 3230 Google Scholar
[15]	Hurricane O A, Callahan D A, Casey D T, Celliers P M, Cerjan C, Dewald E L, Dittrich T R, Doppner T, Hinkel D E, Berzak H L F, Kline J L, Le P S, Ma T, Macphee A G, Milovich J L, Pak A, Park H S, Patel P K, Remington B A, Salmonson J D, Springer P T, Tommasini R 2014 Nature 506 343 Google Scholar
[16]	Moll G, Baclet P, Martin M 2006 Fusion Sci. Technal. 49 574 Google Scholar
[17]	Moll G, Baclet P, Martin M 2007 Fusion Sci. Technal. 51 737 Google Scholar
[18]	Betti R, Hurricane O A 2016 Nature Physics 12 435 Google Scholar
[19]	Bittner D N, Collins G W, Sater J D 2003 Fusion Sci Technol 44 749 Google Scholar
[20]	Moody J D, Kozioziemski B J, Mapoles E R 2008 J. Phys. :Conf. Ser. 112 032064 Google Scholar
[21]	Kozioziemski B J, London R A, McEachern R L, Bittner D N 2017 Fusion Sci. Technal. 45 262 Google Scholar
[22]	London R A, McEachern R L, Kozioziemski B J, Bittner D N 2017 Fusion Sci. Technal. 45 245 Google Scholar
[23]	Cook R C, Anthamatten M, Letts S A 2004 Fusion Science and Technology 45 148 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 NIF Rev5 靶型结构尺寸　(a) NIF冷冻靶结构尺寸; (b) 靶丸结构尺寸

Figure 1. Schematic of NIF Rev5 cryogenic target: (a) Structure of NIF cryogenic target; (b) structure of capsule.

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图 2 环形注入定向红外示意图

Figure 2. Schematic of directional infrared.

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图 3 计算流程图

Figure 3. Flow chart of calculation.

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图 4 真空红外笼加热实验装置示意图

Figure 4. Sketch for an umbrella-shaped antenna and the IR heating surface.

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图 5 实验结果与模拟结果对照

Figure 5. Comparison of experimental and simulated results.

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图 6 靶丸外表面温度云图

Figure 6. The temperature contour of the capsule.

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图 7 不同光带功率密度q下靶丸表面温度云图　(a) q = 0 W·m^–2; (b) q = 0.8 W·m^–2; (c) q = 1.1 W·m^–2; (d) q = 1.4 W·m^–2

Figure 7. The temperature contours of the capsule under different q: (a) q = 0 W·m^–2; (b) q = 0.8 W·m^–2; (c) q = 1.1 W·m^–2; (d) q = 1.4 W·m^–2.

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图 8 不同光带功率密度下靶丸表面温度特性

Figure 8. The temperature characteristics of the capsule under a series of q.

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图 9 不同光带宽度下靶丸表面温度云图　(a) d = 0.20 mm; (b) d = 0.25 mm; (c) d = 0.30 mm; (d) d = 0.35 mm; (e) d = 0.40 mm

Figure 9. The temperature contours of the capsule under different d: (a) d = 0.20 mm; (b) d = 0.25 mm; (c) d = 0.30 mm; (d) d = 0.35 mm; (e) d = 0.40 mm.

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图 10 不同光带宽度下靶丸表面温度特性变化曲线

Figure 10. The temperature characteristics of the capsule under different d.

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图 11 光带间距变化示意图　(a)单侧光带偏移; (b)两侧光带偏移

Figure 11. Schematic of the deviation of the IR bands: (a) Single-side IR band drifts; (b) both-sides IR bands drift.

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图 12 不同北侧光带偏移距离下的靶丸表面温度云图　(a) 0 mm; (b) 0.1 mm; (c) 0.2 mm; (d) 0.3 mm; (e) 0.4 mm; (f) 0.5 mm

Figure 12. The temperature contours of the capsule at different offsets of the northern IR band: (a) 0 mm; (b) 0.1 mm; (c) 0.2 mm; (d) 0.3 mm; (e) 0.4 mm; (f) 0.5 mm.

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图 13 不同北侧光带偏移距离下的靶丸表面温度特性曲线

Figure 13. The temperature characteristics of the capsule at different offsets of the northern IR band.

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图 14 不同光带间距下靶丸表面温度云图　(a) ΔH = 0; (b) ΔH = 0.2 mm; (c) ΔH = 0.4 mm; (d) ΔH = 0.6 mm; (e) ΔH = 0.8 mm; (f) ΔH = 1.0 mm

Figure 14. The temperature contours of the capsule under different ΔH: (a) ΔH = 0; (b) ΔH = 0.2 mm; (c) ΔH = 0.4 mm; (d) ΔH = 0.6 mm; (e) ΔH = 0.8 mm; (f) ΔH = 1.0 mm.

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图 15 不同光带间距下靶丸表面温度特性变化曲线

Figure 15. The temperature characteristics of the capsule under different ΔH.

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图 16 光轴偏移示意图　(a) 光轴同向偏移; (b) 光轴对向偏移

Figure 16. Schematic of IR bands axes offset: (a) The axes of the IR bands shift in the same direction; (b) the axes of the IR bands shift in the opposite direction.

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图 17 不同南北两侧光轴同向偏移量下靶丸表面温度云图　(a) δ = 0; (b) δ = 0.05 mm; (c) δ = 0.10 mm; (d) δ = 0.15 mm; (e) δ = 0.20 mm; (f) δ = 0.25 mm; (g) δ = 0.25 mm 靶丸表面温度云图和柱腔赤道区域定向红外辐照热流云图

Figure 17. The temperature contours of the capsule under different δ: (a) δ = 0; (b) δ = 0.05 mm; (c) δ = 0.10 mm; (d) δ = 0.15 mm; (e) δ = 0.20 mm; (f) δ = 0.25 mm; (g) δ = 0.25 mm, adding the radiation heat flux contour in the equatorial region of the hohlraum

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图 18 不同南北两侧光轴同向偏移量下靶丸表面温度特性变化曲线

Figure 18. The temperature characteristics of the capsule under different δ.

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图 19 不同南北两侧光轴对向偏移量下靶丸表面温度云图　(a) δ = 0; (b) δ = 0.05 mm; (c) δ = 0.10 mm; (d) δ = 0.15 mm; (e) δ = 0.20 mm; (f) δ = 0.25 mm; (g) δ = 0.25 mm, 靶丸表面温度云图和柱腔赤道区域定向红外辐照热流云图

Figure 19. The temperature contours of the capsule under different δ: (a) δ = 0; (b) δ = 0.05 mm; (c) δ = 0.10 mm; (d) δ = 0.15 mm; (e) δ = 0.20 mm; (f) δ = 0.25 mm; (g) δ = 0.25 mm, adding the radiation heat flux contour in the equatorial region of the hohlraum.

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图 20 不同南北两侧光轴对向偏移量下靶丸表面温度特性变化曲线

Figure 20. The temperature characteristics of the capsule under different δ.

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图 21 不同定向红外空间分布误差形式对靶丸温度场均匀性的影响

Figure 21. Influence of different forms of directional IR spatial distribution errors on the temperature uniformity of the capsule.

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表 1 不同材料在18 K环境下的物性参数

Table 1. Physical properties of different materials at 18 K.

	材料
	铝	金	靶壳	He@1 kPa	气态D₂	固态D₂
密度 ρ/(kg·m^–3)	2710	19320	1100	0.3	0.025	260
热容 c_p/(J·kg^–1·K^–1)	8.37	14.66	57.49	5292.6	5193.7	5000
导热系数 λ/(W·m^–1·K^–1)	27	1173.44	0.057	0.021	0.024	0.29
动力黏度 μ/(10^–6 kg·m^–1·s^–1)	—	—	—	1.31	3.42	—
注: 本文不考虑气体对定向红外的影响, 因此氦气和氘气的吸收系数和散射系数均为0.

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[1]	张歆, 章晓中, 谭新玉, 于奕, 万蔡华 2012 物理学报 61 147303 Google Scholar Zhang X, Zhang X Z, Tan X Y, Yu Y, Wan C H 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 147303 Google Scholar
[2]	杨旭东, 陈汉, 毕恩兵, 韩礼元 2015 物理学报 64 038404 Google Scholar Yang X D, Chen H, Bi E B, Han L Y 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 038404 Google Scholar
[3]	Horvath A, Rachlew E 2016 Ambio 45 38 Google Scholar
[4]	Chen W M, Kim H, Yamaguchi H 2014 Energy Policy 74 31 Google Scholar
[5]	程云鹤, 董洪光, 耿纪超, 何继善 2021 中国工程科学 23 11 Google Scholar Cheng Y H, Dong H G, Geng J C, He J S 2021 Strategic Study of CAE 23 11 Google Scholar
[6]	Fang S D, Zhao C H, Ding Z H, Zhang S X, Liao R J 2021 Proc Chin Soc Elect Eng DOI:10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.212121
[7]	张占文, 漆小波, 李波 2012 物理学报 61 145204 Google Scholar Zhang Z W, Qi X B, Li B 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 145204 Google Scholar
[8]	黄鑫, 彭述明, 周晓松, 余铭铭, 尹剑, 温成伟 2015 物理学报 64 215201 Google Scholar Huang X, Peng S M, Zhou X S, Yu M M, Yin J, Wen C W 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 215201 Google Scholar
[9]	Nuckolls J, Wood L, Thiessen A 1972 Nature 239 139 Google Scholar
[10]	Tang J, Xie Z Y, Du A, Ye J J, Zhang Z H, Shen J, Zhou B 2016 J. Fusion Energ. 35 357 Google Scholar
[11]	Holmlid L 2014 J. Fusion Energ. 33 348 Google Scholar
[12]	Lindl J D, Amendt P, Berger R L, Glendinning G, Glenzer S H, Haan S W, Kauffman R L, Landen O L, Suter L J 2004 Phys. Plasmas 11 339 Google Scholar
[13]	Baclet P, Bachelet F, Choux A, Fleury E, Jeannot L, Laffite S, Martin M, Moll G, Pascal G, Reneaume B, Theobald M 2006 Fusion Sci, Technol. 49 565 Google Scholar
[14]	王凯, 谢瑞, 林伟, 刘元琼, 黎军, 漆小波, 唐永建, 雷海乐 2013 强激光与粒子束 25 3230 Google Scholar Wang K, Xie R, Lin W, Liu Y Q, Li J, Qi X B, Tang Y J, Lei H L 2013 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 25 3230 Google Scholar
[15]	Hurricane O A, Callahan D A, Casey D T, Celliers P M, Cerjan C, Dewald E L, Dittrich T R, Doppner T, Hinkel D E, Berzak H L F, Kline J L, Le P S, Ma T, Macphee A G, Milovich J L, Pak A, Park H S, Patel P K, Remington B A, Salmonson J D, Springer P T, Tommasini R 2014 Nature 506 343 Google Scholar
[16]	Moll G, Baclet P, Martin M 2006 Fusion Sci. Technal. 49 574 Google Scholar
[17]	Moll G, Baclet P, Martin M 2007 Fusion Sci. Technal. 51 737 Google Scholar
[18]	Betti R, Hurricane O A 2016 Nature Physics 12 435 Google Scholar
[19]	Bittner D N, Collins G W, Sater J D 2003 Fusion Sci Technol 44 749 Google Scholar
[20]	Moody J D, Kozioziemski B J, Mapoles E R 2008 J. Phys. :Conf. Ser. 112 032064 Google Scholar
[21]	Kozioziemski B J, London R A, McEachern R L, Bittner D N 2017 Fusion Sci. Technal. 45 262 Google Scholar
[22]	London R A, McEachern R L, Kozioziemski B J, Bittner D N 2017 Fusion Sci. Technal. 45 245 Google Scholar
[23]	Cook R C, Anthamatten M, Letts S A 2004 Fusion Science and Technology 45 148 Google Scholar
[24]	郭富城, 李翠, 厉彦忠 2021 物理学报 70 160703 Google Scholar Guo F C, Li C, Li Y Z 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 160703 Google Scholar
[25]	Haan S W, Lindl D J, Callahan D A, Clark D S, Salmonson J D, Hammel B A, Atherton L J, Cook R C, Edwards M J, Glenzer S, Hamza A V 2011 Phys. Plasmas 18 051001 Google Scholar
[26]	林博颖, 苏新明, 简亚彬 2018 航天器环境工程 35 5 Google Scholar Lin B Y, Su X M, Jian Y B 2018 Spacecraft Environment Engineering 35 5 Google Scholar
[27]	Li C, Chen P W, Zhao J 2018 Fusion Engineering & Design 127 23 Google Scholar

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