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SESRI 300 MeV synchrotron in Harbin Institute of Technology is now under construction and the whole equipment has been installed and tested. Before commissioning beam, the beam transport through the injection line is simulated by using a full-scall model through the Tracewin code. The field distribution of RFQ cavity is calculated with CST, and the results are substituted into the Tracewin code to generate the accurate results. The envelop mode and multi-particles mode are used in the beam simulation with two typical beams (H
${}_2^+ $ and 209Bi32+, the lightest beam and the heaviest beam). Both beams are accelerated from 4 keV/u to 2 MeV/u by an RFQ cavity and two IH-DTL cavities. Then the H${}_2^+ $ beam is stripped into a proton beam by a carbon foil and accelerated to 5.6 MeV with the third IH-DTL cavity. Simulation results show that the strength of the magnetic field and the acceleration field are proportional to the mass charge ratio. The beam transmission efficiency and the injection line reception are inversely proportional to the beam transverse emittance. The 209Bi32+ beam transmission efficiency and beam reception (momentum spread less than ±0.2%) are 72.16% and 46.72% with transverse emittance ε = 0.12π mm·mrad (ECR source output) and ε = 0.4π mm·mrad (RFQ output). H${}_2^+ $ beam transmission ratio and beam reception are 24.19% and 17.89% with ε = 0.2π mm·mrad (ECR source output) and ε = 0.5π mm·mrad (RFQ output). In order to obtain high transmission efficiency and beam reception, the transverse emittance should be limited to 0.1π mm·mrad after the RFQ. With this limitation, the 209Bi32+ beam transmission efficiency and the reception are increased to 96.68% and 92.63%, respectively, and the H${}_2^+ $ beam transmission efficiency and the rception rise to 74.40% and 68.18%, respectively. If two additional quadrupole magnets are added, the H${}_2^+ $ beam transmission efficiency and beam reception can be increased to 90.73% and 83.61%, respectively, which will fulfill the requirement for long-time operation. The phase space change process shows that loss of 209Bi32+ beam is caused mainly by longitudinal defocusing (energy spread and phase width spread), the loss of proton beam is caused both by the longitudinal defocusing and by the transverse defocusing (beam envelop spreading), that is why two additional focusing magnets should be added in proton beam acceleration. Results also show that by using field distribution calculation in the simulation process the greater influence of the cavity design details can be confirmed such as beam off-axis caused by dipole field in the IH-DTL cavity and beam loss caused by unperfect field in the RFQ. Tracking with field distribution is shown to be a useful method to link the cavity design process, beam line design process, and beam commission process.-
Keywords:
- synchrotron /
- injection line /
- transmission ratio /
- beam reception
[1] Qian C, Sun L T, Jia Z H 2020 Rev. Sci. Instrum 91 023313
Google Scholar
[2] 刘明 2017 硕士学位论文 (兰州: 近代物理研究所)
Liu M 2017 M. S. Dissertation (Lanzhou: Institute of Modern Physics) (in Chinese)
[3] 喻九维, 杨雅清, 吕明邦, 陈文军, 郑亚军, 许小伟, 陆海娇, 潘永祥 2021 强激光与粒子束 33 054001
Yu J W, Yang Y Q, Lü M B, Cheng W J, Zheng Y J, Xu X W, Lu H J, Pan Y X 2021 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 33 054001
[4] 李钟汕 2017 博士学位论文 (兰州: 近代物理研究所)
Li Z S 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Lanzhou: Institute of Modern Physics) (in Chinese)
[5] Ren H T, Pozdeyev E, Lund M S 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 02B919
Google Scholar
[6] Akagi T, Bellan L 2020 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 91 023321
Google Scholar
[7] Clemente G, Ratzinger U, Podlech H, Groening L, Brodhage R, Barth W 2011 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Ac. 14 110101
[8] Yang Y, Dou W P, Sun L T 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 02B910
Google Scholar
[9] Thuillier T, Angot J, Barue C 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 02A733
Google Scholar
[10] Benedetti S, Bellodi G, Kuchler D 2018 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 89 123301
Google Scholar
[11] Ullmann C, Berezov R, Fils J 2014 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85 02A952
Google Scholar
[12] 颜学庆, 陆元荣, 吴瑜, 张宏林, 高淑丽, 方家训 2002 北京大学学报 (自然科学版) 38 1
Yan X Q, Lu Y R, Wu Y, Zhang H L, Gao S L, Fang J X 2002 Universitatis Pekinensis 38 1
[13] 吴瑜 1999 北京大学学报 (自然科学版) 35 3
Wu Y 1999 Universitatis Pekinensis 35 3
[14] 王科栋 2019 博士学位论文 (兰州: 近代物理研究所)
Wang K D 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Lanzhou: Institute of Modern Physics) (in Chinese)
[15] Winklehner D, Hammond R, Alons J 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 02B929
Google Scholar
[16] Otani M, Mibe T, Yoshida M 2016 Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 19 040101
Google Scholar
[17] He T, Lu L, He Y, Hang Y L, Ma W, Tan T, Zhang Z L, Yang L, Xing C C, Li C X, Sun L P 2021 Nuclear Inst. Meth. Phys. Research A 1010 165466
Google Scholar
[18] Wang K D, Yuan Y J, Yin X J, Yang J C, Li Z S, Du H, Li X N, Kong Q Y, Wang K, Dong Z Q, Liu J, Xia J W 2019 Nuclear Inst. Meth. Phys. Research A 927 375
Google Scholar
[19] Uriot D 2003 Proceedings of the 2003 Particle Accelerator Conference, Portland, USA, May 12–16, 2003 p3491
[20] 吕建钦 2003 带电粒子束光学 (北京: 高等教育出版社) 第267页
Lv J Q 2003 The Optics of Charged Particle Beams (Beijing: Higher Education Press) p267 (in Chinese)
[21] 陈佳洱 2019 加速器物理基础 (北京: 北京大学出版社) 第353页
Chen J Er 2019 Foundment Physics of Accelerator (Beijing: Peking University Press) p353 (in Chinese)
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图 1 SESRI 300 MeV同步加速器注入线布局
Figure 1. Injection line layout of SESRI 300 MeV synchrotron.
图 2 RFQ结构及H
${}_2^+ $ 束流加速Figure 2. RFQ structure and H
${}_2^+ $ beam acceleration.
图 3 IH-DTL加速腔结构及束流加速 (a) IH-DTL1加速H
${}_2^+ $ 束; (b) IH-DTL2加速H${}_2^+ $ 束; (c) IH-DTL3加速质子束Figure 3. IH-DTL structure and beams acceleration: (a) H
${}_2^+ $ beam acceleration in IH-DTL1; (b) H${}_2^+ $ beam acceleration in IH-DTL2; (c) proton beam acceleration in IH-DTL3.
图 4 注入线第一段加速结构束流传输包络 (a) H
$ {}_2^+ $ 束; (b) 209Bi32+束Figure 4. Beam envelop in the first section of the injection line: (a) H
$ {}_2^+ $ beam; (b) 209Bi32+ beam.
图 5 注入线第一段RFQ出口处束流的六维相空间的分布 (a) H
$ {}_2^+ $ 束; (b)209Bi32+束Figure 5. Phase space distribution of the beam output by RFQ: (a) H
$ {}_2^+ $ beam; (b) 209Bi32+ beam.
图 6 注入线第二段加速结构束流传输包络 (a) H
${}_2^+ $ (剥离为质子)束; (b) 209Bi32+束Figure 6. Beam envelop in the second section: (a) H
${}_2^+ $ (proton)beam; (b) 209Bi32+ beam.
图 7 注入线出口处的束流相空间分布 (a) 质子束; (b) 209Bi32+束
Figure 7. Phase space distribution of the beam in front of septum: (a) Proton beam; (b) 209Bi32+ beam.
图 8 209Bi32+在IH-DTL2出口处的纵向分布(灰色粒子为注入线最终接受的粒子) (a) ε = 0.1π mm·mrad; (b) ε = 0.4π mm·mrad
Figure 8. Longitudinal distribution of 209Bi32+ beam output by IH-DTL2 (Gray particles are finally accepted by the injection line): (a) ε = 0.1π mm·mrad; (b) ε = 0.4π mm·mrad.
图 9 增加四极磁铁前后质子束的包络(0.1π mm·mrad) (a)增加前; (b)增加后
Figure 9. Proton beam envelop with and without additional quadrupoles (0.1π mm·mrad): (a) With additional quadrupoles; (b) without additional quadrupoles.
图 10 增加四极磁铁前后质子束的β函数(0.1π mm·mrad) (a)增加前; (b)增加后
Figure 10. β function of proton beam envelop with and without additional quadrupoles (0.1π mm·mrad): (a) Without additional quadrupoles; (b) with additional quadrupoles.
表 1 注入线粒子束的指标
Table 1. Beam parameters of the injection line.
指标 要求 粒子种类 A/Q < 6.53的任意粒子 能量 重离子束2 MeV/u; 质子束5.6 MeV 流强 重离子束50e μA; 质子束250 μA 90%自然发射度 < 15π mm·mrad Δp/p < ± 0.2% 
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表 2 RFQ输出束团横向发射度对注入线传输效率和接受效率的影响
Table 2. Transmission ratio and beam acceptance of the injection line with different transverse emittance output by RFQ.
横向发射度
/(mm·mrad)质子束 209Bi32+束 传输
效率/%接受
效率/%传输
效率/%接受
效率/%0.5π 24.19 17.84 57.48 35.29 0.4π 31.26 24.37 72.16 46.72 0.3π 42.25 32.31 85.98 56.94 0.2π 56.80 47.56 95.86 74.00 0.1π 74.40 68.18 96.68 92.63
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表 3 注入线束流发射度、环的接受度及twiss参数对比
Table 3. List of the injection beam emittance, ring acceptance and twiss parameters.
注入束流参数 环的接受参数 εx/(mm·mrad) 13.1π 200π εy/ (mm·mrad) 9.7π 30π βx/m 1.63 4.963 βy/m 1.69 2.105 αx 0.6143 1.0263 αy –0.6558 –1.1720 Δp/p/% ± 0.2 ± 0.3 D 0.15 1.6582 D' –0.20 0.9391
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[1] Qian C, Sun L T, Jia Z H 2020 Rev. Sci. Instrum 91 023313
Google Scholar
[2] 刘明 2017 硕士学位论文 (兰州: 近代物理研究所)
Liu M 2017 M. S. Dissertation (Lanzhou: Institute of Modern Physics) (in Chinese)
[3] 喻九维, 杨雅清, 吕明邦, 陈文军, 郑亚军, 许小伟, 陆海娇, 潘永祥 2021 强激光与粒子束 33 054001
Yu J W, Yang Y Q, Lü M B, Cheng W J, Zheng Y J, Xu X W, Lu H J, Pan Y X 2021 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 33 054001
[4] 李钟汕 2017 博士学位论文 (兰州: 近代物理研究所)
Li Z S 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Lanzhou: Institute of Modern Physics) (in Chinese)
[5] Ren H T, Pozdeyev E, Lund M S 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 02B919
Google Scholar
[6] Akagi T, Bellan L 2020 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 91 023321
Google Scholar
[7] Clemente G, Ratzinger U, Podlech H, Groening L, Brodhage R, Barth W 2011 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Ac. 14 110101
[8] Yang Y, Dou W P, Sun L T 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 02B910
Google Scholar
[9] Thuillier T, Angot J, Barue C 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 02A733
Google Scholar
[10] Benedetti S, Bellodi G, Kuchler D 2018 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 89 123301
Google Scholar
[11] Ullmann C, Berezov R, Fils J 2014 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85 02A952
Google Scholar
[12] 颜学庆, 陆元荣, 吴瑜, 张宏林, 高淑丽, 方家训 2002 北京大学学报 (自然科学版) 38 1
Yan X Q, Lu Y R, Wu Y, Zhang H L, Gao S L, Fang J X 2002 Universitatis Pekinensis 38 1
[13] 吴瑜 1999 北京大学学报 (自然科学版) 35 3
Wu Y 1999 Universitatis Pekinensis 35 3
[14] 王科栋 2019 博士学位论文 (兰州: 近代物理研究所)
Wang K D 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Lanzhou: Institute of Modern Physics) (in Chinese)
[15] Winklehner D, Hammond R, Alons J 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 02B929
Google Scholar
[16] Otani M, Mibe T, Yoshida M 2016 Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 19 040101
Google Scholar
[17] He T, Lu L, He Y, Hang Y L, Ma W, Tan T, Zhang Z L, Yang L, Xing C C, Li C X, Sun L P 2021 Nuclear Inst. Meth. Phys. Research A 1010 165466
Google Scholar
[18] Wang K D, Yuan Y J, Yin X J, Yang J C, Li Z S, Du H, Li X N, Kong Q Y, Wang K, Dong Z Q, Liu J, Xia J W 2019 Nuclear Inst. Meth. Phys. Research A 927 375
Google Scholar
[19] Uriot D 2003 Proceedings of the 2003 Particle Accelerator Conference, Portland, USA, May 12–16, 2003 p3491
[20] 吕建钦 2003 带电粒子束光学 (北京: 高等教育出版社) 第267页
Lv J Q 2003 The Optics of Charged Particle Beams (Beijing: Higher Education Press) p267 (in Chinese)
[21] 陈佳洱 2019 加速器物理基础 (北京: 北京大学出版社) 第353页
Chen J Er 2019 Foundment Physics of Accelerator (Beijing: Peking University Press) p353 (in Chinese)
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