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Indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion implosions using a three-step-shaped pulse are performed at a 100 kJ laser facility. At late time of the pulse, deposition of laser energy and distribution of X-ray radiation are significantly disturbed by motion of gold plasma in the original gas-filled cylindrical hohlraum with gold wall. As a result, owing to the lack of X-ray drive at the equator of the capsule, an unacceptable oblate implosion is produced. In the I-raum modified from the above cylindrical hohlraum, the initial positions of outer laser spots and gold bubbles are appropriately shifted to modify the disturbed radiation distribution due to plasma evolution, resulting in a spherically symmetric drive on the capsule. In the implosion shots with almost the same drive pulse, owing to improved symmetry, an spherical hotspot is observed in the new I-raum, and YOS (the ratio of measured neutron yield over simulated one) is up to 30%, while an oblate hotspot is observed in the cylinder, and YOS is only 13%. The simulation calculations and experimental measurements show that the I-raum can be used to significantly reduce the impact of gold bubble expansion in the three-step-shaped pulse driven implosion, which helps to tune the drive and implosion symmetry, and to improve its over-all performance.
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Keywords:
- inertial confinement fusion /
- indirect-drive /
- implosion symmetry
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图 1 花生腔激光打靶示意图, 与直柱腔的区别是在外环激光光斑处具有环形凹槽
Figure 1. The I-Raum has recessed pockets for the laser spots of outer cones, slightly different from a cylinder.
图 2 直柱腔1与花生腔2内金泡、内外环激光束与靶丸的几何关系图
Figure 2. Schematic illustration for gold bubbles, laser beams and the capsule inside a cylinder 1 or an I-raum 2.
图 3 黑腔等离子体发射X光图像 (a)直柱腔; (b)花生腔 ①靶丸阴影区, ②外环光斑区, ③非光斑区, ④内环光斑区
Figure 3. X-ray emission images from the hohlraum plasma: (a) Cylinder; (b) I-raum, ① capsule shadow, ② outer laser spots, ③ dark region without laser, ④ inner laser spots,respectively.
图 4 激光能量吸收(第一象限)、电子温度Te(第二象限)、电子密度Ne(第三象限)和辐射温度Tr(第三象限)在激光加载4.0 ns时刻的空间分布 (a)直柱腔; (b)花生腔
Figure 4. Distributions of laser energy absorption (1 st quadrant), electron temperature Te (2 nd quadrant), electron density Ne (3 rd quadrant), and radiation temperature Tr (4 th quadrant), respectively, at 4.0 ns: (a) Cylinder; (d) I-raum.
图 5 激光-X光辐射能量转换 (a)实际打靶激光功率; (b)黑腔局部辐射温度Trhoh的模拟计算和实际测量结果
Figure 5. Laser energy converted into X-ray radiation: (a) Laser power measured for cylinder (blue dash) and for I-raum (red solid), respectively; (b) local radiation temperature Trhoh simulated for cylinder (blue cross) and for I-raum (red circle), and measured for cylinder (blue dash) and for I-raum (red solid), respectively.
图 6 模拟计算得到的靶丸驱动辐射温度Trcap与驱动不对称性 (a) P2; (b) P4
Figure 6. Simulated drive temperatures Trcap and asymmetry components on the capsules, respectively: (a) P2; (b) P4.
图 7 最强时刻的内爆热斑发射X光图像, 取30%等高线 (a)直柱腔; (b)花生腔
Figure 7. X-ray emission images from implosion hotspots at peak time, with a contour at 30% of the maximum intensity, respectively: (a) Cylinder; (b) I-raum.
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[1] Nuckolls J, Wood L, Thiessen A, Zimmerman G 1972 Nature 239 139
Google Scholar
[2] Lindl J D, Amendt P, Berger R L, et al. 2004 Phys. Plasmas 11 339
Google Scholar
[3] Lindl J D, Landen O L, Edwards J, NIC Team 2014 Phys. Plasmas 21 020501
Google Scholar
[4] Kozioziemski B, Mapoles E, Sater J, et al. 2011 Fusion Sci. Technol. 59 14
Google Scholar
[5] Zheng W G, Wei X F, Zhu Q H, et al. 2016 High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 4 e21
Google Scholar
[6] Pu Y D, Huang T X, Ge F J, et al. 2018 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 60 085017
Google Scholar
[7] Li C Y, Wu C S, Huang T X, et al. 2019 Phys. Plasmas 26 022705
Google Scholar
[8] Gu J F, Ge F J, Zou S Y, et al. 2018 Phys. Plasmas 25 122706
Google Scholar
[9] Yan J, Shen H, Chen Z J, et al. 2021 Nucl. Fusion 61 016011
Google Scholar
[10] Moses E I, Boyd R, Remington B, et al. 2009 Phys. Plasmas 16 041006
Google Scholar
[11] Fernández J C, Goldman S R, Kline J L, et al. 2006 Phys. Plasmas 13 056319
Google Scholar
[12] Edwards M J, Patel P K, Lindl J D, et al. 2013 Phys. Plasmas 20 070501
Google Scholar
[13] Weber S V, Casey D T, Ede D C, et al. 2014 Phys. Plasmas 21 112706
Google Scholar
[14] Park H S, Hurricane O A, Callahan D A, et al. 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 055001
Google Scholar
[15] Pak A, Dewald E L, Landen O L, et al. 2015 Phys. Plasmas 22 122701
Google Scholar
[16] Hinkel D E, Berzak Hopkins L F, Ma T, et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 225002
Google Scholar
[17] Ho D D, Haan S W, Salmonson J D, et al. 2016 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 717(1) 012023
[18] Milovich J L, Dewald E L, Pak A, et al. 2016 Phys. Plasmas 23 032701
Google Scholar
[19] Pape S L, Berzak Hopkins L F, Divol L, et al. 2016 Phys. Plasmas 23 056311
Google Scholar
[20] Hall G N, Jones O S, Strozzi D J, et al. 2017 Phys. Plasmas 24 052706
Google Scholar
[21] Callahan D A, Hurricane O A, Ralph J E, et al. 2018 Phys. Plasmas 25 056305
Google Scholar
[22] Ralph J E, Landen O L, Divol L, et al. 2018 Phys. Plasmas 25 082701
Google Scholar
[23] Kritcher A L, Ralph J, Hinkel D E, et al. 2018 Phys. Rev. E 98 053206
Google Scholar
[24] Robey H F, Hopkins L B, Milovich J L, and Meezan N B, 2018 Phys. Plasmas 25 052706
Google Scholar
[25] Zylstra A B, Hurricane O A, Callahan D A, et al. 2021 Nucl. Fusion 61 116066
Google Scholar
[26] Zylstra A B, Hurricane O A, Zimmerman G B 2022 Nature 601 542
Google Scholar
[27] Abu-Shawareb H, et al. (ICF Collaboration). 2022 Phys. Rev. Lett. 129 075001
Google Scholar
[28] Li Z C, Jiang X H, Liu S Y, Huang T X, Zheng J, Yang J M, Li S W, Guo L, Zhao X F, Du H B, Song T M, Yi R Q, Liu Y G, Jiang S E, DingY K 2010 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81 073504
Google Scholar
[29] Jiang W, Yan J, Ge F J, Chen T, Jing L F, Chen Z J, Chen B L, Pu Y D, Yu B, Duan X X, Huang T X, Zheng J, DingY K 2019 Phys. Plasmas 26 022704
Google Scholar
[30] Tang Q, Chen J B, Xiao Y Q, Yi T, Liu Z J, Zhan X Y, Song Z F 2020 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 91 023508
Google Scholar
[31] Song Z F, Chen J B, Liu Z J, Zhan X Y, Tang Q 2015 Plasma Sci. Technol. 17 337
Google Scholar
[32] Fan Z F, Zhu S P, Pei W B, Ye W H, Li M, Xu X W, Wu J F, Dai Z S, Wang L F 2012 EPL: Lett. J. Explor. Front. Phys. 99 65003
[33] 宋鹏, 翟传磊, 李双贵, 等 2015 强激光与粒子束 27 032007
Song P, Zhai C L, Li S G, et al. 2015 High Power Laser Part. Beams 27 032007 (in Chinese)
[34] 裴文兵, 朱少平 2009 物理 38 559
Pei W B, Zhu S P 2009 Physics 38 559
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