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By solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for the interaction of the intense laser field with the two-dimensional model of H ion cluster, it is found that the high-order harmonic plateau produced by H ion cluster is wider than that generated by a single H atom. The interaction between intense laser field and cluster is decomposed into three processes: internal ionization, classical motion under the action of external field and Coulomb field of the cluster ions, and recombination. After internal ionization, the particle is deemed classical and its motion follows Newton’s equation of motion. By studying the classical trajectory of electron and the variation of kinetic and potential energy with time, it is observed that during the electron’s returning, the additional kinetic energy is required as a result of the reduction in potential energy. Furthermore, the correlation between return energy and return time obtained from the classical model is in good agreement with that obtained from time-dependent Schrödinger equation. In this study, the cutoff energy of high-order harmonic generated by clusters is compared with that of a single atom, indicating that the extension of the platform of high-order harmonic by clusters is primarily caused by the Coulomb effect of other ions surrounding the parent nucleus. Additionally, the influence of ion spacing on the cutoff energy of high-order harmonic is also investigated, and a possible relationship between the cut-off energy of high harmonic and the cluster expansion is established.
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Keywords:
- high-order harmonic /
- cluster /
- Coulomb potential /
- expansion
[1] Itatani J, Levesque J, Zeidler D, Niikura H, Pépin H, Kieffer J C, Corkum P B, Villeneuve D M 2004 Nature 432 867Google Scholar
[2] 祝晓松, 张庆斌, 兰鹏飞, 陆培祥 2016 物理学报 65 224207Google Scholar
Zhu X S, Zhang Q B, Lan P F, Lu P X 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 224207Google Scholar
[3] Yu S J, Li W Y, Li Y P, Chen Y J 2017 Phys. Rev. A 96 013432Google Scholar
[4] Su N, Yu S J, Li W Y, Yang S P, Chen Y J 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 054213Google Scholar
[5] Qiao Y, Huo Y Q, Liang H Q, Chen J G, Liu, W J, Yang Y J, Jiang S C 2022 Opt. Express 30 9971Google Scholar
[6] Qiao Y, Huo Y Q, Jiang S C, Yang Y J, Chen J G 2023 Phys. Rev. B 107 075201Google Scholar
[7] 陶琛玉, 雷建廷, 余璇, 骆炎, 马新文, 张少锋 2023 物理学报 72 053202Google Scholar
Tao C Y, Lei J T, Yu X, Luo Y, Ma X W, Zhang S F 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 053202Google Scholar
[8] Papadogiannis N A, Witzel B, Kalpouzos C, Charalambidis D 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 4289Google Scholar
[9] Hentschel M, Kienberger R, Spielmann C, Reider G A, Milosevic N, Brabec T, Corkum P, Heinzmann U, Drescher M, Krausz F 2001 Nature 414 509Google Scholar
[10] Goulielmakis E, Uiberacker M, Kienberger R, Baltuska A, Yakovlev V, Scrinzi A, Westerwalbesloh T, Kleineberg U, Heinzmann U, Drescher M, Krausz F 2004 Science 305 1267Google Scholar
[11] Sandberg R L, Paul A, Raymondson D A, Haedrich S, Gaudiosi D M, Holtsnider J, Tobey R I, Cohen O, Murnane M M, Kapteyn H C, Song C, Miao J, Liu Y, Salmassi F 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 098103Google Scholar
[12] Iii C D, Rundquist A R, Murnane M M, Kapteyn H C 1998 Science 280 1412Google Scholar
[13] Corkum P B 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 1994Google Scholar
[14] Yang Y J, Chen G, Chen J G, Zhu Q R 2004 Chin. Phys. Lett. 21 652Google Scholar
[15] Yang Y J, Chen J G, Chi F P, Zhu Q R, Zhang H X, Sun J Z 2007 Chin. Phys. Lett. 24 1537Google Scholar
[16] 成春芝, 周效信, 李鹏程 2011 物理学报 60 202Google Scholar
Cheng C Z, Zhou X X, Li P C 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 202Google Scholar
[17] Artemyev A N, Cederbaum L S , Demekhin P V 2017 Phys. Rev. A 95 033402
[18] 刘艳, 郭福明, 杨玉军 2019 物理学报 68 173202Google Scholar
Liu Y, Guo F M, Yang Y J 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 173202Google Scholar
[19] Zhou X, Lock R, Wagner N, Li W, Kapteyn H C, Murnane M M 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 073902Google Scholar
[20] 于术娟, 刘竹琴, 李雁鹏 2023 物理学报 72 043101Google Scholar
Yu S J, Liu Z Q, Li Y P 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 043101Google Scholar
[21] Ghimire S, Ndabashimiye G, DiChiara A D, Sistrunk E, Stockman M I, Agostini P, DiMauro L F, Reis D A 2014 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 47 204030Google Scholar
[22] Vampa G, McDonald C R, Orlando G, Corkum P B, Brabec T 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 064302Google Scholar
[23] Kruchinin S Yu, Krausz F, Yakovlev V S 2018 Rev. Mod. Phys. 90 021002Google Scholar
[24] Li L, Zhang Y F, Lan P F, Huang T F, Zhu X S, Zhai C Y, Yang K, He L X, Zhang Q B, Cao W, Lu P X 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 187401Google Scholar
[25] Qiao Y, Chen J Q, Huo Y Q, Liang H Q, Yu R X, Chen J G, Liu W J, Jiang S C, Yang Y J 2023 Phys. Rev. A 107 023523Google Scholar
[26] Véniard V, Taïeb R, Maquet A 1999 Phys. Rev. A 60 3952Google Scholar
[27] Vozzi C, Nisoli M, Caumes J P, Sansone G, Stagira S, Silvestri S D 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 111121Google Scholar
[28] Hu S X, Xu Z Z 1997 Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 2605Google Scholar
[29] Tisch J W G , Ditmire T, Fraser D J, Hay N, Mason M B , Springate E, Marangos J P, Hutchinson M H R 1997 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 30 L709Google Scholar
[30] Aladi M, Márton I, Rácz P, Dombi P, Földes I B 2014 High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 2 E32Google Scholar
[31] Donnelly T D, Ditmire T, Neumann K, Perry M D, Falcone R W 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 2472Google Scholar
[32] Feng L, Liu H 2015 Phys. Plasmas 22 013107Google Scholar
[33] Numico R, Giulietti D, Giulietti A, Gizzi L A, Roso L 2000 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 33 2605Google Scholar
[34] Vázquez de Aldana J R, Roso L 2001 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 18 325Google Scholar
[35] Park H, Wang Z, Xiong H, Schoun S B, Xu J, Agostini P, DiMauro L F 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 263401Google Scholar
[36] Tao Y, Hagmeijer R, Bastiaens H M J, Goh S J, van der Slot P J M, Biedron S G, Milton S V, Boller K J 2017 New J. Phys. 19 083017Google Scholar
[37] Ruf H, Handschin C, Cireasa R, Thiré N, Ferré A, Petit S, Descamps D, Mével E, Constant E, Blanchet V, Fabre B, Mairesse Y 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 083902Google Scholar
[38] Moreno P, Plaja L, Roso L 1994 Europhys. Lett. 28 629Google Scholar
[39] Zaretsky D F, Korneev P, Becker W 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 105402Google Scholar
[40] Bodi B, Aladi M, Racz P, Foldes I B, Dombi P 2019 Opt. Express 27 26721Google Scholar
[41] Véniard V, Taïeb R, Maquet A 2001 Phys. Rev. A 65 013202Google Scholar
[42] Li N N, Zhai Z, Liu X S 2008 Chin. Phys. Lett. 25 2508Google Scholar
[43] Strelkov V, Saalmann U, Becker A, Rost J M 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 113901Google Scholar
[44] Feit M D, Jr Fleck J A, Steiger A 1982 J. Comput. Phys. 47 412Google Scholar
[45] Saalmann U, Rost J M 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 133006Google Scholar
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图 3 强激光场与H原子和H团簇相互作用产生的高次谐波(谐波阶表示谐波发射频率
$ \omega $ 与激光基频$ {\omega _0} $ 的比值) (a) I = 3×1014 W/cm2, λ = 1200 nm; (b) I = 5×1014 W/cm2, λ = 1400 nmFigure 3. High order harmonic generated from the interaction between intense laser field and H atom/H cluster: (a) I = 3×1014 W/cm2 , λ = 1200 nm; (b) I = 5×1014 W/cm2, λ = 1400 nm.
图 4 (a), (c), (e) I = 3×1014 W/cm2 , λ = 1200 nm的线偏振激光与H8+团簇相互作用时的电子动力学行为; (b), (d), (f) I = 5×1014 W/cm2, λ = 1400 nm的线偏振激光与H24+团簇相互作用时的电子动力学行为. (a), (b) 电子返回时间与返回能量的关系, 其中黑色实线表示动能、红色划线表示总能量、蓝色点线表示相应参数激光场与H原子相互作用时电子的返回动能与返回时间的关系; (c), (d) 电子的动能、势能及总能量随时间的变化, 其中黑色实线表示动能、红色划线表示势能、蓝色点线表示总能量; (e), (f)电子在X轴方向上位移随时间的变化
Figure 4. Electron dynamic behavior of linearly polarized laser interacting with cluster: (a), (c), (e) For H8+ cluster illuminated by the laser with I = 3×1014 W/cm2 , λ = 1200 nm; (b), (d), (f) for H24+ cluster illuminated by the laser with I = 5×1014 W/cm2, λ = 1400 nm. (a), (b) The relation between the return time and the return energy of the electron, where the black solid line represents the kinetic energy, the red dash line represents the total energy, and the blue dot line represents the kinetic energy from H atom; (c), (d) the energy change over time, where the black solid line represents kinetic energy, the red dash line represents potential energy, and the blue dot line represents total energy; (e), (f) displacement variations with time along X direction.
图 6 I = 3×1014 W/cm2, λ = 1200 nm的线偏振激光与H8+团簇相互作用过程中考虑(CCA)和不考虑库仑势(NCCA)影响的情况下电子的动力学行为 (a)电子返回时间与返回动能的关系; (b) 电子的动能随时间变化情况; (c)电子在X轴方向上位移随时间的变化
Figure 6. Dynamical behavior of the electron with and without the influence of the Coulomb potential for H8+ cluster illuminated by the laser with I = 3×1014 W/cm2, λ = 1200 nm: (a) The relationship between electron return time and return kinetic energy; (b) the variation of the kinetic energy of electrons over time; (c) the displacement of electrons in the X-axis direction over time.
图 7 通过TDSE计算得到的高次谐波时频分布图(图中黑色实线表示考虑库仑作用时通过经典计算得到的返回动能与单个原子的电离能之和与返回时间的关系, 红色划线表示不考虑库仑作用时电子返回时间与返回动能的关系) (a) I = 3×1014 W/cm2, λ = 1200 nm的线偏振激光与H8+团簇相互作用; (b) I = 5×1014 W/cm2, λ = 1400 nm的线偏振激光与H24+团簇相互作用
Figure 7. Time-frequency distribution of higher harmonics calculated by TDSE: (a) H8+ cluster illuminated by the laser with I = 3×1014 W/cm2, λ = 1200 nm; (b) H24+ cluster illuminated by the laser with I = 5×1014 W/cm2, λ = 1400 nm. The black solid line represents the relationship between the sum of the ionization energy of a single atom and return kinetic energy obtained by classical calculation and the return time in the case of considering Coulomb effect, while the red dash line represents the relation between the return time and the return energy of the electron in the case of no considering Coulomb effect.
图 8 (a) I = 3×1014 W/cm2, λ = 1200 nm的线偏振激光与离子间距不同的H8+团簇相互作用时产生的高次谐波; (b)通过经典计算得到的返回动能与单个原子的电离能之和与返回时间的关系
Figure 8. (a) High-order harmonics generate from the interaction between the linearly polarized laser and H8 + cluster with different ion spacing, where I = 3×1014 W/cm2, λ = 1200 nm; (b) the relationship between the sum of the ionization energy of a single atom and return kinetic energy obtained by classical calculation and the return time.
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[1] Itatani J, Levesque J, Zeidler D, Niikura H, Pépin H, Kieffer J C, Corkum P B, Villeneuve D M 2004 Nature 432 867Google Scholar
[2] 祝晓松, 张庆斌, 兰鹏飞, 陆培祥 2016 物理学报 65 224207Google Scholar
Zhu X S, Zhang Q B, Lan P F, Lu P X 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 224207Google Scholar
[3] Yu S J, Li W Y, Li Y P, Chen Y J 2017 Phys. Rev. A 96 013432Google Scholar
[4] Su N, Yu S J, Li W Y, Yang S P, Chen Y J 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 054213Google Scholar
[5] Qiao Y, Huo Y Q, Liang H Q, Chen J G, Liu, W J, Yang Y J, Jiang S C 2022 Opt. Express 30 9971Google Scholar
[6] Qiao Y, Huo Y Q, Jiang S C, Yang Y J, Chen J G 2023 Phys. Rev. B 107 075201Google Scholar
[7] 陶琛玉, 雷建廷, 余璇, 骆炎, 马新文, 张少锋 2023 物理学报 72 053202Google Scholar
Tao C Y, Lei J T, Yu X, Luo Y, Ma X W, Zhang S F 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 053202Google Scholar
[8] Papadogiannis N A, Witzel B, Kalpouzos C, Charalambidis D 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 4289Google Scholar
[9] Hentschel M, Kienberger R, Spielmann C, Reider G A, Milosevic N, Brabec T, Corkum P, Heinzmann U, Drescher M, Krausz F 2001 Nature 414 509Google Scholar
[10] Goulielmakis E, Uiberacker M, Kienberger R, Baltuska A, Yakovlev V, Scrinzi A, Westerwalbesloh T, Kleineberg U, Heinzmann U, Drescher M, Krausz F 2004 Science 305 1267Google Scholar
[11] Sandberg R L, Paul A, Raymondson D A, Haedrich S, Gaudiosi D M, Holtsnider J, Tobey R I, Cohen O, Murnane M M, Kapteyn H C, Song C, Miao J, Liu Y, Salmassi F 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 098103Google Scholar
[12] Iii C D, Rundquist A R, Murnane M M, Kapteyn H C 1998 Science 280 1412Google Scholar
[13] Corkum P B 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 1994Google Scholar
[14] Yang Y J, Chen G, Chen J G, Zhu Q R 2004 Chin. Phys. Lett. 21 652Google Scholar
[15] Yang Y J, Chen J G, Chi F P, Zhu Q R, Zhang H X, Sun J Z 2007 Chin. Phys. Lett. 24 1537Google Scholar
[16] 成春芝, 周效信, 李鹏程 2011 物理学报 60 202Google Scholar
Cheng C Z, Zhou X X, Li P C 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 202Google Scholar
[17] Artemyev A N, Cederbaum L S , Demekhin P V 2017 Phys. Rev. A 95 033402
[18] 刘艳, 郭福明, 杨玉军 2019 物理学报 68 173202Google Scholar
Liu Y, Guo F M, Yang Y J 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 173202Google Scholar
[19] Zhou X, Lock R, Wagner N, Li W, Kapteyn H C, Murnane M M 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 073902Google Scholar
[20] 于术娟, 刘竹琴, 李雁鹏 2023 物理学报 72 043101Google Scholar
Yu S J, Liu Z Q, Li Y P 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 043101Google Scholar
[21] Ghimire S, Ndabashimiye G, DiChiara A D, Sistrunk E, Stockman M I, Agostini P, DiMauro L F, Reis D A 2014 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 47 204030Google Scholar
[22] Vampa G, McDonald C R, Orlando G, Corkum P B, Brabec T 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 064302Google Scholar
[23] Kruchinin S Yu, Krausz F, Yakovlev V S 2018 Rev. Mod. Phys. 90 021002Google Scholar
[24] Li L, Zhang Y F, Lan P F, Huang T F, Zhu X S, Zhai C Y, Yang K, He L X, Zhang Q B, Cao W, Lu P X 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 187401Google Scholar
[25] Qiao Y, Chen J Q, Huo Y Q, Liang H Q, Yu R X, Chen J G, Liu W J, Jiang S C, Yang Y J 2023 Phys. Rev. A 107 023523Google Scholar
[26] Véniard V, Taïeb R, Maquet A 1999 Phys. Rev. A 60 3952Google Scholar
[27] Vozzi C, Nisoli M, Caumes J P, Sansone G, Stagira S, Silvestri S D 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 111121Google Scholar
[28] Hu S X, Xu Z Z 1997 Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 2605Google Scholar
[29] Tisch J W G , Ditmire T, Fraser D J, Hay N, Mason M B , Springate E, Marangos J P, Hutchinson M H R 1997 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 30 L709Google Scholar
[30] Aladi M, Márton I, Rácz P, Dombi P, Földes I B 2014 High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 2 E32Google Scholar
[31] Donnelly T D, Ditmire T, Neumann K, Perry M D, Falcone R W 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 2472Google Scholar
[32] Feng L, Liu H 2015 Phys. Plasmas 22 013107Google Scholar
[33] Numico R, Giulietti D, Giulietti A, Gizzi L A, Roso L 2000 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 33 2605Google Scholar
[34] Vázquez de Aldana J R, Roso L 2001 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 18 325Google Scholar
[35] Park H, Wang Z, Xiong H, Schoun S B, Xu J, Agostini P, DiMauro L F 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 263401Google Scholar
[36] Tao Y, Hagmeijer R, Bastiaens H M J, Goh S J, van der Slot P J M, Biedron S G, Milton S V, Boller K J 2017 New J. Phys. 19 083017Google Scholar
[37] Ruf H, Handschin C, Cireasa R, Thiré N, Ferré A, Petit S, Descamps D, Mével E, Constant E, Blanchet V, Fabre B, Mairesse Y 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 083902Google Scholar
[38] Moreno P, Plaja L, Roso L 1994 Europhys. Lett. 28 629Google Scholar
[39] Zaretsky D F, Korneev P, Becker W 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 105402Google Scholar
[40] Bodi B, Aladi M, Racz P, Foldes I B, Dombi P 2019 Opt. Express 27 26721Google Scholar
[41] Véniard V, Taïeb R, Maquet A 2001 Phys. Rev. A 65 013202Google Scholar
[42] Li N N, Zhai Z, Liu X S 2008 Chin. Phys. Lett. 25 2508Google Scholar
[43] Strelkov V, Saalmann U, Becker A, Rost J M 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 113901Google Scholar
[44] Feit M D, Jr Fleck J A, Steiger A 1982 J. Comput. Phys. 47 412Google Scholar
[45] Saalmann U, Rost J M 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 133006Google Scholar
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