Resonance ionization spectrum of autoionization states of lutetium atom

Zhang Jun-Yao; Xiong Jing-Yi; Wei Shao-Qiang; Li Yun-Fei; Lu Xiao-Yong

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20230978

Abstract

¹⁷⁷Lu is an important medical isotope used in imaging-guided radiotherapy, and it can be produced by irradiating ¹⁷⁶Lu or ¹⁷⁶Yb with high abundance. With an increasing demand for medical isotopes, it is very essential to improve the supply capacity for ¹⁷⁷Lu. The multi-step multi-color photoionization method is an effective method to obtain isotopes, and the information of odd-parity autoionization levels is essential. Laser resonance ionization spectroscopy is one of a few spectroscopic experimental methods that can study autoionization levels. An experimental system is developed for the frontier spectroscopic research, and it consists of custom-made tunable lasers and a high-resolution time of flight mass spectrometer. The lifetime of the excited state 35274.5 cm^–1 is measured to be (31.6 ± 1.7) ns by the delayed photoionization method for the first time. A three-step three-color photoionization process is used to detect the autoionization levels, with a delay of 30 ns between λ₂ – λ₁ and λ₃ – λ₂ respectively, in order to avoid any unexpected transitions. Forty-seven odd-parity autoionization levels are obtained, of which 33 levels are discovered for the first time, and the λ₂ and λ₁ are blocked to exclude possible interference peaks, such as the λ₁+λ₃+λ₃ transition. Several autoionization levels show asymmetrical peak shapes, and the Fano fitting is carried out for all the levels to determine the widths and relative transition strengths of the autoionizing transitions. This study provides critical data for the high-efficient photoionization of lutetium atoms in the visible range. The angular momenta of 21 odd-parity autoionization levels in an energy range of 50650–51650 cm^–1 are identified for the first time, which provides a reference for determining the forbidden state of electric dipole transitions from other excited states and ascertaining the electronic configuration.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
National Key Laboratory of Particle Transport and Separation Technology, Tianjin 300180, China
2.
Research Institute of Physical and Chemical Engineering of Nuclear Industry, Tianjin 300180, China

Corresponding author: Zhang Jun-Yao, junyao-z18@tsinghua.org.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Liaoyuan Project of China Nuclear Energy Industry Corporation.

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References

[1]	Fuoco V, Argiroffi G, Mazzaglia S, Lorenzoni A, Guadalupi V, Franza A, Scalorbi F, Ailberti G, Chiesa C, Procopio G, Seregni E, Maccauro M 2022 Tumori. J. 108 315 Google Scholar
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图 1 激光共振电离飞行时间质谱系统. PC为电脑, DG为延时发生器, Nd:YAG为Nd:YAG激光器, Dye为染料激光器, WM为波长计, BS为光束合成器, Lens为镜组, ECB为电控机箱, TOF为飞行时间质谱, BCA为Boxcar平均

Figure 1. Resonance ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy system. PC is computer, DG is delay generator, Nd:YAG is Nd:YAG laser, Dye is dye laser, WM is wavelength meter, BS is beam synthesis, Lens is lens, ECB is electronic control box, TOF is time of flight mass spectrometry, BCA is box car averager.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 多步多色光电离路径示意图

Figure 2. Schematic representation of the multi-step multi-color photoionization path.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 激发态35274.5 cm^–1能级寿命曲线

Figure 3. Curve of lifetime of 35274.5 cm^–1 excited state.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 自电离态扫描典型谱图

Figure 4. Typical spectrum of the scanning of autoionization levels.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 由激发态35274.5 cm^–1跃迁的奇宇称自电离态能级

Table 1. Odd parity autoionization levels connecting from the excited level 35274.5 cm^–1.

E/cm^–1	Width	Strength	Ref.[18]	E/cm^–1	Width	Strength	Ref.[18]
53408.90	N	S	New	51873.82	B	I	New
53353.74^Ϯ	B	S	New	51724.60^Ϯ	M	S	New
53330.68	M	I	New	51642.24	N	S	51642.2
53321.80	N	I	New	51628.73	N	I	51628.9
53310.02	M	S	New	51509.40	M	S	51509.4
53298.32	N	I	New	51494.64	B	S	New
53267.79	M	S	New	51368.06	M	S	51386.0
53259.85	N	W	New	51295.65^Ϯ	B	W	51294.1
53251.30	N	I	New	51150.11^Ϯ	B	W	51151.5
53219.59^Ϯ	M	S	New	51125.54	B	I	New
53194.18^Ϯ	B	I	New	51014.87	M	W	New
53147.77	M	W	New	50986.87	N	W	50987.0
53138.94^Ϯ	M	I	New	50974.56	N	W	50974.7
53046.75^Ϯ	B	I	New	50950.65	M	I	50950.7
53033.60^Ϯ	M	I	New	50908.68^Ϯ	B	I	New
52981.68^Ϯ	B	I	New	50875.33	M	W	50875.1
52806.85	M	I	New	50872.30	M	I	50872.3
52678.69^Ϯϯ	B	S	New	50834.41^Ϯ	B	I	50833.3
52490.86^Ϯ	B	W	New	50804.68	N	W	New
52420.31	N	W	New	50774.92^Ϯ	M	I	50774.3
52415.04	N	W	New	50726.72^Ϯ	M	S	New
52377.33^Ϯ	M	I	New	50700.60	M	S	50700.7
52280.25	N	I	New	50657.49	M	S	50657.6
52508.75	B	W	New	—	—	—	—
注: Ϯ 谱线呈现Fano峰形; ϯ 极宽峰, 峰半高宽＞100 cm^–1.

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 奇宇称自电离态能级的角动量

Table 2. J-values of odd parity autoionization levels.

From 35274.5 cm^–1		From 33831.5 cm^{–1 [18]}		From 34610.5 cm^–1		J
E/cm^–1	Width	E/cm^–1	Width	E/cm^–1	Width	J
51642.21	N	51642.2	N	51642.06	N	3/2
51628.71	N	51628.9	N	51629.03	N	3/2
51509.42	M	51509.4	N	—	—	5/2
51494.66	B	—	—	—	—	7/2
51368.06	M	51368.0	N	51368.12	M	3/2
51295.65	B	51294.1	B	—	—	5/2
51014.87	B	—	—	—	—	7/2
50986.87	N	50987.0	N	—	—	5/2
50974.56	N	50974.7	N	50974.47	M	3/2
50950.65	M	50950.7	N	—	—	5/2
—	—	50913.3	N	50913.18	N	1/2
50908.68	B	—	—	—	—	7/2
—	—	50887.8	N	50887.65	N	1/2
50875.33	M	50875.1	B	50875.32	M	3/2
50872.30	M	50872.3	N	—	—	5/2
50834.41	B	50833.3	B	50832.77	B	3/2
50804.68	N	—	—	—	—	7/2
50774.92	M	50774.3	M	50773.31	M	3/2
50726.72	M	—	—	—	—	7/2
50700.60	M	50700.7	N	—	—	5/2
50657.49	M	50657.6	N	—	—	5/2

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Fuoco V, Argiroffi G, Mazzaglia S, Lorenzoni A, Guadalupi V, Franza A, Scalorbi F, Ailberti G, Chiesa C, Procopio G, Seregni E, Maccauro M 2022 Tumori. J. 108 315 Google Scholar
[2]	Mittra E S 2018 Am. J. Roentgenol. 211 278 Google Scholar
[3]	Vogel W V, van der Marck S C, Versleijen M W J 2021 Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. I. 48 2329 Google Scholar
[4]	Dash A, Pillai M R A, Knapp F F 2015 Nucl. Med. Molec. Imag. 49 85 Google Scholar
[5]	D’yachkov A B, Kovalevich S K, Labozin A V, Labozin V P, Mironov S M, Panchenko V Y, Firsov V A, Tsvetkov G O, Shatalova G G 2012 Quantum Electron 42 953 Google Scholar
[6]	Gadelshin V, Cocolios T, Fedoseev V, Heinke R, Kieck T, Marsh B, Naubereit P, Rothe S, Stora T, Studer D, van Duppen P, Wendt K 2017 HFI 238 28 Google Scholar
[7]	Li R, Lassen J, Kunz P, Mostamand M, Reich B B, Teigelhofer A, Yan H, Ames F 2019 Spectrochim. Acta B 158 105633 Google Scholar
[8]	Gadelshin V, Heinke R, Kieck T, Kron T, Naubereit P, Rosch F, Stora T, Studer D, Wendt K 2019 Radiochim. Acta 107 653 Google Scholar
[9]	Suryanarayana M V, Sankari M 2021 Sci. Rep-UK 11 18292 Google Scholar
[10]	Suryanarayana M V 2021 Sci. Rep-UK 11 6118 Google Scholar
[11]	Wendt K, Trautmann N 2005 Int. J. Mass. Spectrom. 242 161 Google Scholar
[12]	Xu C B, Xu X Y, Ma H, Li L Q, Huang W, Chen D Y, Zhu F R 1993 J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. 26 2827 Google Scholar
[13]	Kujirai O, Ogawa Y 1998 J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 63 1056 Google Scholar
[14]	Ogawa Y, Kujirai O 1999 J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 68 428 Google Scholar
[15]	Li R, Lassen J, Zhong Z P, Jia F D, Mostamand M, Li X K, Reich B B, Teigelhofer A, Yan H 2017 Phys. Rev. A 95 052501 Google Scholar
[16]	李志明, 朱凤蓉, 张子斌, 邓虎, 翟利华, 王长海, 任向军, 万可友, 张利兴 2005 质谱学报 26 45 Google Scholar Li Z M, Zhu F R, Zhang Z B, Deng H, Zhai L H, Wang C H, Ren X J, Wan K Y, Zhang L X 2005 J. Chin. Mass. Spectr. Soc. 26 45 Google Scholar
[17]	D’yachkov A B, Gorkunov A A, Labozin A V, Mironov S M, Tsvetkov G O, Panchenko V Y, Firsov V A 2018 Opt. Spectrosc 125 839 Google Scholar
[18]	Rath A D, Biswal D, Kundu S 2021 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra. 270 107696 Google Scholar
[19]	Voss A, Sonnenschein V, Campbell P, Cheal B, Kron T, Moore I D, Pohjalainen I, Raeder S, Trautmann N, Wendt K 2017 Phys. Rev. A 95 032506 Google Scholar
[20]	Shen X P, Wang W L, Zhai L H, Deng H, Xu J, Yuan X L, Wei G Y, Wang W, Fang S, Su Y Y, Li Z M 2018 Spectrochim. Acta B 145 96 Google Scholar
[21]	Kneip N, Dullmann C E, Gadelshin V, Heinke R, Mokry C, Raeder S, Runke J, Studer D, Trautmann N, Weber F, Wendt K 2020 HFI 241 45 Google Scholar
[22]	Sahoo A C, Mandal P K, Shah M L, Dev V 2020 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra. 241 106714 Google Scholar
[23]	张钧尧, 薛轶, 周鸿儒 2024 原子与分子物理学报 41 014002 Google Scholar Zhang J Y, Xue Y, Zhou H R 2024 J. Atom. Mol. Phys. 41 014002 Google Scholar
[24]	李云飞, 张钧尧, 柴俊杰, 魏少强, 陈晨 2023 真空与低温 29 486 Google Scholar Li Y F, Zhang J Y, Chai J J, Wei S Q, Chen C 2023 Vacuum and Cryogenics 29 486 Google Scholar
[25]	Fedchak J A, der Hartog E A, Lawler J E, Palmeri P, Quinet P, Biemont E 2000 Astrophys. J. 542 1109 Google Scholar
[26]	Fano U 1961 Phys. Rev. 124 1866 Google Scholar

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