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Laser driven electron beam has important application value in the field of space radiation environment simulation. However, due to the shortcomings of poor spectrum tunability and high laser energy of the electron beam generated by laser direct irradiation of high-density solid targets, its wide application is limited. In this work, a scheme is proposed to simulate the orbital electron radiation in near-Earth space by using laser driven dual-plane composite target electron acceleration. It is found that the high-density solid target Ⅱ can provide a large number of low energy electrons, while the vertical plane target Ⅰ located in the front surface of target II can provide a small number of high energy electrons, which makes the electron energy spectrum very close to that of the space radiation environment. In order to evaluate the similarity between the generated energy spectrum and the space radiation spectrum, a method of evaluating the similarity of energy spectra is proposed, which can describe the local similarity and the global similarity of the energy spectra. For vertical plane target Ⅰ with low density, the electron acceleration is dominated by the laser ponderomotive acceleration that generates a half-wavelength oscillation. As the density increases, the electron acceleration gradually transitions from the laser ponderomotive acceleration to the surface ponderomotive acceleration, and the electron beam energy spectrum is modulated effectively. Meanwhile, the electron temperature of the generated electron beam is linearly related to the length and density of the target Ⅰ, and the optimal target parameters are obtained by the Bayesian optimization, and the generated electron beam is much better matched to the space radiation environment. Compared with the scheme of laser driven single-plane target electron acceleration, the proposed scheme has better tunability of energy spectrum and lower requirement of laser intensity. The results provide a theoretical reference for the experimental study of simulating space radiation environments in different orbitals by using laser-driven electron beams.
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Keywords:
- ultra-short and ultra-intense laser /
- composite structure target /
- electron acceleration /
- space radiation environment simulation
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图 1 激光驱动双平面复合靶电子加速示意图
Figure 1. Schematic of laser driven electron acceleration from dual-plane composite target.
图 2 (a) $t = 48\;{T_{0}}$时, 不同密度垂直平面靶Ⅰ情况和典型轨道的电子能谱分布; (b) 靶Ⅰ密度为$0.1\;{n_{\text{c}}}$时, 利用R和RNS方法评价模拟结果与GPS轨道电子能谱匹配程度的结果(RNS评价值大于0.8的点标记为红色)
Figure 2. (a) Electron energy spectrum distributions of typical orbit and the perpendicular plane target Ⅰ with different densities at $t = 48\;{T_{0}}$; (b) the evaluation results obtained by R and RNS method between simulation results and the GPS orbital electron flux when the density of target Ⅰ is $0.1\;{n_{\text{c}}}$ (dots with RNS greater than 0.8 are marked in red).
图 3 $ t = 18{T_0} $(第1行)和$t = 34{T_0}$时刻(第2行), 不同密度垂直平面靶Ⅰ的电子密度空间分布 (a), (b) $0.05{n_{\text{c}}}$; (c), (d) $0.1{n_{\text{c}}}$; (e), (f) $10{n_{\text{c}}}$
Figure 3. Spatial distributions of the electron density of the perpendicular plane target I with $0.05{n_{\text{c}}}$ (a), (b); $0.1{n_{\text{c}}}$ (c), (d); $10{n_{\text{c}}}$ (e), (f) at $ t = 18{T_0} $ (the first row) and $t = 34{T_0}$ (the second row) .
图 4 $t = 48\;{T_{0}}$时刻, 高能端电子温度(蓝线)与电子最大能量(红线)随靶Ⅰ密度的演化(l = 3 μm)
Figure 4. Evolution of electron temperature (blue line) and the maximum electron energy (red line) for different densities of target Ⅰ at $t = 48\;{T_{0}}$ (l = 3 μm).
图 5 $t = 48\;{T_{0}}$时刻, 不同密度靶Ⅰ的高能端电子温度(蓝线)与电子最大能量(红线)随靶Ⅰ长度的演化 (a) ne1 = 0.05nc; (b) ne1 = 0.1nc; (c) ne1 = 0.3nc; (d) ne1 = 0.5nc
Figure 5. Evolution of the electron temperature (blue line) and the maximum electron energy (red line) for different lengths of target Ⅰ at $t = 48\;{T_{0}}$: (a) ne1 = 0.05nc; (b) ne1 = 0.1nc; (c) ne1 = 0.3nc; (d) ne1 = 0.5nc.
图 6 电子束能谱的低能端电子温度Te1和高能端电子温度Te2随靶Ⅰ密度${n_{{\text{e}}1}}$和长度$l$演化, 蓝色散点为靶Ⅰ密度分别为0.05nc, 0.1nc, 0.3nc, 0.5nc, 1nc与长度分别为$1\;{\text{μ m}}$, $3\;{\text{μ m}}$, $5\;{\text{μ m}}$, $8\;{\text{μ m}}$时每种情况的20组数据, 红线为拟合线性方程
Figure 6. Evolution of the electron temperature Te1 at the low energy and Te2 at the high energy evolve with the density and length of the target I. The blue scatter dots represent 20 sets of data with target Ⅰ densities of 0.05nc, 0.1nc, 0.3nc, 0.5nc, 1nc and lengths of $1\;{\text{μ m}}$, $3\;{\text{μ m}}$, $5\;{\text{μ m}}$, $8\;{\text{μ m}}$, respectively, and the red line represents the fitted linear equation.
图 7 贝叶斯优化参数后的电子束能谱及RNS和R评价方法结果
Figure 7. Electron beam energy spectrum and the evaluation results of RNS and R after Bayesian optimization.
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