液体中高压脉冲电场产生扩散气泡的规律

武晓东; 陈沿州; 韩瑞; 郭雨怡; 庄杰; 石富坤

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20230443

摘要

脉冲电场是心房颤动及肿瘤消融的一种新型物理能量源. 相比于传统热消融, 其具有非热、不损伤周边组织等优势. 物理消融过程中产生的扩散气泡可能导致气体栓塞, 对人体有潜在的危害. 然而当前尚未有针对消融脉冲参数对扩散气泡的影响研究. 因此, 本实验搭建了脉冲产生和气泡观察平台, 具体研究了溶液电导率, 脉冲电压、脉宽、输入能量等参数与扩散气泡之间的关系, 统计了不同条件下扩散气泡的尺寸分布范围, 并探究了扩散气泡的可能产生原因. 实验结果表明: 液体中产生的扩散气泡量与脉冲电压、输入能量正相关; 高电导率、长脉宽可以增强热效应, 并增加扩散气泡量, 且更易产生尺寸大于100 μm的扩散气泡; 通过对结果推测, 针电极为阴极时, 电解反应可能是扩散气泡的主要来源. 本研究有望指导未来脉冲电场消融参数的优化.

关键词:

Abstract

Pulsed electric field is a novel physical energy source for treating atrial fibrillation and tumor ablation, which has advantages over traditional thermal ablation, such as being non-thermal, short treatment time, tissue selectivity, and low contact pressure requirements. The diffusion bubbles generated during physical ablation may lead to gas embolism and silent cerebral events, with potential hazards such as tissue damage and cerebral ischemia. Previous studies have shown that the number of bubbles generated is correlated with the electrical properties of the treated object, pulse parameters (pulse waveform, treatment time and input energy), and electrodes. The number of bubbles are more significant at the cathode than at the anode, and the number of bubbles positively correlates with the input energy. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of ablation pulse parameters on diffusion bubbles. Therefore, in our experiment, a platform for producing pulses and observing diffusion bubble is built, and the needle-ring electrode we made realizes the capture and measurement of diffusion bubbles. Since pulses with a voltage of 3 kV and a pulse width of 100 μs are commonly used as ablation parameters for atrial fibrillation and tumor in pulsed field ablation (PFA), the pulse width of unipolar pulse is selected as 5, 10, 50, and 100 μs, and the number of pulses applied is 1. The pulse voltage is determined according to the parameters commonly used in PFA and the simulation calculation of the field strength distribution of the needle-ring electrode. After determining the parameters, this experiment explicitly investigates the relationships among diffusion bubbles and solution conductivity, pulse voltage, pulse width, input energy, and other parameters. Meanwhile, the size distributions of diffusion bubbles under different operating conditions are statistically investigated. Besides, the possible causes of diffuse bubbles are also explored. We evaluate the number of bubbles by measuring the cross-sectional area of the diffusion bubbles from a top-down perspective. The experimental results show that the area of diffusion bubbles generated in the liquid is positively correlated with pulse voltage and input energy; high conductivity and long pulse width can enhance the thermal effect and increase the area of diffusion bubbles; diffusion bubbles with a diameter larger than 100 μm are easily generated under high conductivity and high pulse width conditions. By speculating on the results, the electrolytic reaction may be the main source of diffusion bubbles when the needle electrode is the cathode. This study is expected to optimize future pulsed electric field ablation parameters.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
中国科学技术大学生物医学工程学院(苏州), 生命科学与医学部, 苏州　215163

2.
中国科学院苏州生物医学工程技术研究所, 苏州　215163

3.
济南国科医工科技发展有限公司, 济南　250101

通信作者: 石富坤, fukunshi@sibet.ac.cn

基金项目: 苏州市基础研究试点项目(批准号: SJC2021025)、山东省自然科学基金 (批准号: ZR2022QE168) 和泉城5150引才倍增计划资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215163, China

2.
Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China

3.
Jinan Guoke Medical Technology Development Co., Ltd, Jinan 250101, China

Corresponding author: Shi Fu-Kun, fukunshi@sibet.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Basic Research Pilot Project of Suzhou, China (Grant No. SJC2021025), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (Grant No. ZR2022QE168), and the Quancheng 5150 Project, China.

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参考文献

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施引文献

图 1 (a)实验系统的简易图, 包含扩散气泡观察系统、针-环电极、示波器、脉冲发生装置; (b)针-环电极装置模型图; (c)针电极实物图; (d) 电导率14.08 mS/cm, 脉宽100 μs, 脉冲输出电压250 V时, 拍摄的扩散气泡图像

Fig. 1. (a) A simple diagram of the experimental system, including the diffusion bubble observation system, needle-ring electrode, oscilloscope, and pulse generation device; (b) a model of the needle-ring electrode device; (c) the actual diagram of the needle electrode; (d) the image of the diffusion bubble generated by theconductivity of 14.08 mS/cm, pulse width of 100 μs, pulse output voltage of 250 V.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 (a) YZ截面场强分布图; (b) XY截面场强分布图

Fig. 2. (a) Field intensity distribution of the YZ cross-section; (b) field intensity distribution of the XY cross-section.

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图 3 不同电压时的电流波形图(电导率-脉宽-电压)　(a) 140.8 mS/cm-100 μs-20/80 V; (b) 140.8 mS/cm-50 μs-20/80 V; (c) 140.8 mS/cm-100 μs-90 V

Fig. 3. Current waveform plot at different voltages (electrical conductivity-pulse width-voltage): (a) 140.8 mS/cm-100 μs-20/80 V; (b) 140.8 mS/cm-50 μs-20/80 V; (c) 140.8 mS/cm-100 μs-90 V.

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图 4 不同电导率下, 扩散气泡面积随电压变化的线性拟合图　(a) 140.8 mS/cm; (b) 14.08 mS/cm; (c) 1.408 mS/cm

Fig. 4. Linear fit of diffusion bubble area with voltage under different electrical conductivity: (a) 140.8 mS/cm; (b) 14.08 mS/cm; (c) 1.408 mS/cm.

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图 5 不同电导率下, 针电极为阳极时的扩散气泡面积统计　(a) 140.8 mS/cm; (b) 14.08 mS/cm

Fig. 5. Statistical analysis of the diffusion bubble area when the needle electrode acts as an anode under different electrical conductivity: (a) 140.8 mS/cm; (b) 14.08 mS/cm.

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图 6 不同电导率下, 扩散气泡面积随输入能量变化的拟合图　(a) 140.8 mS/cm; (b) 14.08 mS/cm; (c) 1.408 mS/cm

Fig. 6. Fitted plot of diffusion bubbles area as a function of input energy under different electrical conductivity: (a) 140.8 mS/cm; (b) 14.08 mS/cm; (c) 1.408 mS/cm.

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图 7 气泡直径尺寸分布图 (电导率-脉宽)　(a) 140.8 mS/cm-5 μs; (b) 140.8 mS/cm-10 μs; (c) 140.8 mS/cm-50 μs; (d) 140.8 mS/cm-100 μs; (e) 14.08 mS/cm-5 μs; (f) 14.08 mS/cm-10 μs; (g) 14.08 mS/cm-50 μs; (h) 14.08 mS/cm-100 μs; (i) 1.408 mS/cm-50 μs; (j) 1.408 mS/cm-100 μs

Fig. 7. Distribution of bubble diameter size (electrical conductivity-pulse width): (a) 140.8 mS/cm-5 μs; (b) 140.8 mS/cm-10 μs; (c) 140.8 mS/cm-50 μs; (d) 140.8 mS/cm-100 μs; (e) 14.08 mS/cm-5 μs; (f) 14.08 mS/cm-10 μs; (g) 14.08 mS/cm-50 μs; (h) 14.08 mS/cm-100 μs; (i) 1.408 mS/cm-50 μs; (j) 1.408 mS/cm-100 μs.

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表 1 脉冲参数表

Table 1. Pulse parameter table.

电导率/ (mS·cm^–1)	脉宽/μs	电压/V
140.8	5	100	120	140	160	180	200
	10	60	80	100	120	140	160
	50	20	30	40	50	60	70
	100	10	20	30	40	50	60
14.08	5	650	700	750	800	850	900
	10	400	450	500	550	600	650
	50	200	225	250	275	300	325
	100	125	150	175	200	225	250
1.408	50	800	820	840	860	880	900
1.408	100	600	650	700	750	800	850

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表 2 扩散气泡面积随电压变化的拟合方程

Table 2. Fitting equation for the area of diffusion bubble with voltage.

电导率/(mS·cm^–1)	脉宽/μs	Y=AX+B
电导率/(mS·cm^–1)	脉宽/μs	A	B	横截距
140.8	5	300	–34533	115
	10	655	–52863	80
	50	1452	–17757	12
	100	2597	–20567	8
14.08	5	35	–23288	665
	10	60	–24444	407
	50	498	–108883	218
	100	712	–104663	146
1.408	50	9.5	–7541	793
1.408	100	35	–23448	669

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表 3 不同脉冲参数的输入能量表

Table 3. Input energy table for different pulse parameters.

电导率/(mS·cm^–1)	脉宽/μs	输入能量/mJ
140.8	5	1.25	1.80	2.45	3.20	4.05	5.00
	10	0.90	1.60	2.50	3.60	4.90	6.40
	50	0.50	1.12	2.00	3.12	4.50	6.12
	100	0.25	1.00	2.25	4.00	6.25	9.00
14.08	5	6.03	7.00	8.03	9.14	10.32	11.57
	10	4.57	5.78	7.14	8.64	10.28	12.07
	50	5.70	7.23	8.93	10.80	12.85	15.10
	100	4.46	6.43	8.75	11.43	14.46	17.86
1.408	50	10.65	11.2	11.76	12.32	13.00	13.50
1.408	100	12.00	14.08	16.33	18.75	21.33	24.08

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表 4 各脉冲参数下产生的最大气泡直径尺寸及平均气泡尺寸

Table 4. The maximum bubble diameter size and average bubble size generated under each pulse parameter.

电导率/(mS·cm^–1)	脉宽/μs	最大气泡尺寸/平均气泡尺寸/ μm
140.8	5	0/0	60/23	85/27	130/28	145/31	160/32
	10	0/0	100/21	135/27	155/25	190/28	220/29
	50	33/16	80/26	90/32	130/39	160/38	220/37
	100	24/14	100/27	130/37	190/36	200/44	225/42
14.08	5	25/14	40/23	55/24	70/24	75/25	90/23
	10	35/19	55/23	65/25	80/25	95/28	115/25
	50	20/18	40/22	115/25	135/28	145/29	200/31
	100	35/17	80/25	90/28	110/29	175/33	190/35
1.408	50	15/13	18/14	20/15	22/14	25/16	30/16
1.408	100	35/20	42/19	42/21	52/23	55/24	62/22

下载: 导出CSV

[1]	Kornej J, Börschel C S, Benjamin E J, Schnabel R B 2020 Circ. Res. 127 4 Google Scholar
[2]	Chen W, Zheng R, Baade P D, Zhang S, Zeng H, Bray F, Jemal A, Yu X Q, He J 2016 CA Cancer J. Clin. 66 115 Google Scholar
[3]	Koruth J S, Kuroki K, Kawamura I, Brose R, Viswanathan R, Buck E D, Donskoy E, Neuzil P, Dukkipati S R, Reddy V Y 2020 Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol. 13 e008303 Google Scholar
[4]	Kuroki K, Whang W, Eggert C, Lam J, Leavitt J, Kawamura I, Reddy A, Morrow B, Schneider C, Petru J, Turagam M K, Koruth J S, Miller M A, Choudry S, Ellsworth B, Dukkipati S R, Neuzil P, Reddy V Y 2020 HeartRhythm 17 1528 Google Scholar
[5]	Neven K, van Es R, van Driel V, van Wessel H, Fidder H, Vink A, Doevendans P, Wittkampf F 2017 Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol. 10 e004672 Google Scholar
[6]	van Driel V J H M, Neven K, van Wessel H, Vink A, Doevendans P A F M, Wittkampf F H M 2015 HeartRhythm 12 1838 Google Scholar
[7]	Calkins H, Hindricks G, Cappato R, et al. 2018 EP Europace. 20 157 Google Scholar
[8]	Li C Y, Li S N, Jiang C Y, Fu H, Liang M, Wang Z L, Zhong J Q, Zhou X H, Wu Q, Chang D, Wang Y, Zhou G Q, Liu W S, Song W, Sang C H, Long D Y, Du X, Dong J Z, Ma C S 2020 Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 43 627 Google Scholar
[9]	Tolga A, Kivanc Y, Tumer Erdem G, Serdar B, Christian-H H, Roland R T 2019 J. Atr. Fibrillation 12 2208 Google Scholar
[10]	Chen X H, Ren Z G, Zhu T Y, Zhang X X, Peng Z Y, Xie H Y, Zhou L, Yin S Y, Sun J Y, Zheng S S 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 16233 Google Scholar
[11]	Gómez-Barea M, García-Sánchez T, Ivorra A 2022 Sci. Rep. 12 16144 Google Scholar
[12]	du Pré B C, van Driel V J, van Wessel H, Loh P, Doevendans P A, Goldschmeding R, Wittkampf F H, Vink A 2013 EP Europace 15 144 Google Scholar
[13]	Lavee J, Onik G, Mikus P, Rubinsky B 2007 Heart Surg. Forum. 10 E162 Google Scholar
[14]	Neven K, van Driel V, van Wessel H, van Es R, Doevendans P A, Wittkampf F 2014 HeartRhythm 11 1465 Google Scholar
[15]	Wittkampf F H, Van Driel V J, Van Wessel H, Vink A, Hof I E, Gründeman P F, Hauer R N, Loh P 2011 J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 22 302 Google Scholar
[16]	Wittkampf F H M, van Driel V J, van Wessel H, Neven K G E J, Gründeman P F, Vink A, Loh P, Doevendans P A 2012 Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol. 5 581 Google Scholar
[17]	Koruth J S, Kuroki K, Iwasawa J, Viswanathan R, Brose R, Buck E D, Donskoy E, Dukkipati S R, Reddy V Y 2020 EP Europace 22 434 Google Scholar
[18]	Maan A, Koruth J 2022 Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 24 103 Google Scholar
[19]	Reddy V Y, Koruth J, Jais P, Petru J, Timko F, Skalsky I, Hebeler R, Labrousse L, Barandon L, Kralovec S, Funosako M, Mannuva B B, Sediva L, Neuzil P 2018 JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 4 987 Google Scholar
[20]	Arshad R N, Abdul-Malek Z, Munir A, Ahmad M H, Sidik M A B, Nawawi Z 2021 2021 IEEE International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM) Johor Bahru, Malaysia, July 11–15 July, 2021 p250
[21]	Bardy G H, Coltorti F, Ivey T D, Alferness C, Rackson M, Hansen K, Stewart R, Greene H L 1986 Circulation 73 525 Google Scholar
[22]	Kandušer M, Belič A, Čorović S, Škrjanc I 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 8115 Google Scholar
[23]	Barak M, Katz Y 2005 CHEST 128 2918 Google Scholar
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