正电子湮没符合多普勒展宽技术的材料学研究进展

叶凤娇; 张鹏; 张红强; 况鹏; 于润升; 王宝义; 曹兴忠

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20231487

摘要

正电子湮没技术是研究材料微观结构的一种原子尺度表征方法, 通过分析正电子湮没行为可以得到湮没位点处局域电子密度和原子结构信息. 近年来, 正电子湮没谱学技术已经发展成为优于常规手段的特色表征技术, 其中符合多普勒展宽技术在研究缺陷附近的电子和原子结构方面具有独特优势, 商谱曲线中高动量区域形状的变化反映了正电子湮没位点周围的元素信息. 在常规符合多普勒展宽技术发展基础上, 能量可调的慢正电子束流符合多普勒展宽技术在获取表面微观结构的深度分布信息上展示出独特的作用, 同时也弥补了常规符合多普勒展宽技术只能表征体材料中缺陷环境的不足. 本文结合国内外相关进展, 综述了符合多普勒展宽技术在各类材料中的研究进展: 1)合金中空位型缺陷和纳米沉淀的演化行为; 2) 半导体中晶格空位与杂质原子的相互作用; 3)氧化物中氧空位和金属阳离子浓度的变化. 除此之外, 在聚合物中自由体积孔洞的大小、数量及分布的估算表征领域中, 符合多普勒展宽技术也逐步得到应用.

关键词:

Abstract

Positron annihilation technique is an atomic-scale characterization method used to analyze the defects and microstructure of materials, which is extremely sensitive to open volume defects. By examining the annihilation behaviour of positrons and electrons in open volume defects, local electron density and atomic structure information around the annihilation site can be obtained, such as the size and concentration of vacancies, and vacancy clusters. In recent years, positron annihilation spectroscopy has evolved into a superior tool for characterizing features of material compared with conventional methods. The coincident Doppler broadening technique provides unique advantages for examining the local electronic structure and chemical environment (elemental composition) information about defects due to its effectiveness describing high momentum electronic information. The low momentum portion of the quotient spectrum indicates the Doppler shift generated by the annihilation of valence electrons near the vacancy defect. Changes in the peak amplitudes and positions of the characteristic peaks in the high momentum region can reveal elemental information about the positron annihilation point. The physical mechanism of element segregation, the structural features of open volume defects and the interaction between interstitial atoms and vacancy defects are well investigated by using the coincidence Doppler broadening technology. In recent years, based on the development of Doppler broadening technology, the sensitivity of slow positron beam coincidence Doppler broadening technology with adjustable energy has been significantly enhanced at a certain depth. It is notable that slow positron beam techniques can offer surface, defect, and interface microstructural information as a function of material depth. It compensates for the fact that the traditional coincidence Doppler broadening technique can only determine the overall defect information. Positron annihilation technology has been applied to the fields of second phase evolution in irradiated materials, hydrogen/helium effect, and free volume in thin films, as a result of the continuous development of slow positron beam and the improvement of various experimental test methods based on slow positron beam. In this paper, the basic principles of the coincidence Doppler broadening technique are briefly discussed, and the application research progress of the coincidence Doppler broadening technique in various materials is reviewed by combining the reported developments: 1) the evolution behaviour of nanoscale precipitation in alloys; 2) the interaction between lattice vacancies and impurity atoms in semiconductors; 3) the changes of oxygen vacancy and metal cation concentration in oxide material. In addition, coincident Doppler broadening technology has been steadily used to estimate and quantify the sizes, quantities, and distributions of free volume holes in polymers.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

中国科学院高能物理研究所, 多学科研究中心, 北京　100049

通信作者: 曹兴忠, caoxzh@ihep.ac.cn

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划(批准号: 2019YFA0210002)和国家自然科学基金(批准号: U1732265, 12175262, 11575205, 11875005, 11775235)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

Multidisciplinary Research Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Corresponding author: Cao Xing-Zhong, caoxzh@ihep.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2019YFA0210002) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U1732265, 12175262, 11575205, 11875005, 11775235).

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施引文献

图 1 正电子湮没中的多普勒展宽原理

Fig. 1. Doppler broadening principle in positron annihilation.

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图 2 CDB测量系统示意图

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of CDB measurement system.

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图 3 不同样品的CDB谱图　(a) 纯Fe样品; (b) Fe-Cu样品; (c)对角化后的纯Fe和Fe-Cu样品. 插图为Cu特征峰(P_L = 12×10^–3m₀c—28×10^–3m₀c)附近的扩展图

Fig. 3. CDB spectra of different samples: (a) Pure Fe; (b) Fe-Cu samples; (c) pure Fe and Fe-Cu samples after diagonalization. Inset is an extended view near the Cu characteristic peak (P_L = 12×10^–3m₀c—28×10^–3m₀c)

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图 4 纯Fe中的 CDB谱图与DBS图^[18]

Fig. 4. CDB spectra and DBS in pure Fe^[18].

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图 5 (a) 纯Fe的CDB中S参数及W参数的定义区域; (b) Fe-Cu合金中的正电子湮没

Fig. 5. (a) Definition area of S parameter and W parameter in CDB of pure Fe; (b) schematic diagram of positron annihilation in Fe-Cu alloy

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图 6 典型元素与Al的商谱图^[23]　(a)实验数据; (b)理论数据

Fig. 6. Spectra for different elements after normalizing to Al^[23]: (a) Experimental curves; (b) theoretical curves.

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图 7 各种金属元素的正电子亲合势A⁺ (单位: eV)^[9]

Fig. 7. Positron affinity A⁺ (unit: eV) of metal elements^[9].

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图 8 纯 Cu, Fe-0.3%Cu 合金在不同剂量下辐照后与纯Fe的CDB谱^[29]

Fig. 8. CDB spectra with pure Fe of pure Cu, Fe-0.3%Cu alloy irradiated at different doses^[29].

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图 9 纯 Cu和Fe-0.3%Cu 合金在不同剂量下辐照后与纯Cu的CDB谱^[29]

Fig. 9. CDB spectra of pure Cu and Fe-0.3%Cu alloy irradiated with pure Cu at different doses^[29].

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图 10 (a) FeCrMnCuMo合金、纯Cr, Mn, Cu和Mo相对于纯Fe的CDB谱图^[30]; (b) 铸态、退火态FeCrMnCuMo合金和纯Cu相对于纯Fe的CDB谱图^[30]; (c)纯Fe, Cr, Mn, Cu与FeCrMnCuMo在773 K和1073 K下退火相比于铸态FeCrMnCuMo合金的CDB谱图^[30]

Fig. 10. (a) CDB ratio curves of the FeCrMnCuMo alloy, pure Cr, Mn, Cu and Mo with respect to pure Fe; (b) as-cast, annealed FeCrMnCuMo alloy and pure Cu with respect to pure Fe; (c) pure Fe, Cr, Mn, Cu and Mo and annealed FeCrMnCuMo alloy at 773 K and 1073 K with respect to the as-cast FeCrMnCuMo^[30].

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图 11 Fe-1.0%Cu合金在不同温度下等时退火的CDB谱图^[32]

Fig. 11. CDB spectra of isochronous annealing of Fe-1.0%Cu alloy at different temperatures^[32].

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图 12 纯铜、淬火后Fe-1.0%Cu合金和在不同时间时效后的CDB谱图^[34]

Fig. 12. CDB spectra of pure Cu, quenched Fe-1.0% Cu alloy and aged at different times^[34].

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图 13 (a)纯Fe, Fe-1.0%Cu合金在不同时间时效后的CDB谱图^[34]

Fig. 13. CDB spectra of pure Fe, Fe-1.0%Cu alloy aged at different times^[34].

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图 14 快中子辐照后的Fe-0.3%Cu, Fe-0.15%Cu, Fe-0.05%Cu, 纯Fe和纯Cu的CDB谱图^[38]

Fig. 14. CDB spectra of pure Fe, pure Cu, Fe-0.3%Cu, Fe-0.15%Cu, Fe-0.05%Cu after fast neutron^[38].

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图 15 未充氢和充氢样品的CDB谱图^[40]

Fig. 15. CDB spectra of uncharged and hydrogen-charged samples^[40].

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图 16 充氢样品和退火后纯Al的CDB谱图^[40]

Fig. 16. CDB spectra of hydrogen-charged samples and annealed pure^[40].

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图 17 纯 Ti (a)和Ti-Mo合金(b)充氢前后的CDB曲线^[41]

Fig. 17. CDB curves of pure Ti (a) and Ti-Mo alloy (b) before and after hydrogen charging^[41].

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图 18 不同浓度La掺杂Bi_1-xLa_xFeO₃的CDB谱图^[44]

Fig. 18. CDB spectra of Bi_1-xLa_xFeO₃ samples doped with different concentrations of La^[44].

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图 19 SiC在不同温度下退火的CDB谱图^[52]

Fig. 19. CDB spectra of SiC annealed at different temperatures^[52].

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图 20 不同浓度Ca掺杂MgO样品的CDB谱图^[57]

Fig. 20. CDB spectra of MgO samples doped with different concentrations of Ca^[57].

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图 21 聚合物中正电子的湮没状态

Fig. 21. Annihilation state of positron in polymer.

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图 22 PVA基纳米复合材料的CDB谱图^[59]

Fig. 22. CDB spectra of PVA based nanocomposites^[59].

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图 23 纳米复合材料中自由正电子湮没贡献的CDB与PVA的比值曲线. 插图为纯 PVA 的动量密度分布反卷积^[59]

Fig. 23. CDB ratio curves with respect to PVA obtained for free positron annihilation contribution in the nanocomposites. The inset shows the deconvolution of the momentum density for pure PVA^[59].

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图 24 纯钛样品在RT, 473和573 K的H离子辐照至0.2 dpa时的CDB谱图^[64]

Fig. 24. CDB ratio curves of the pure titanium specimen H ion irradiated to 0.2 dpa at RT, 473 and 573 K^[64].

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图 25 在300, 573和773 K下辐照CrCoFeMnNi与未辐照CrCoFeMnNi的CDB谱图^[69]

Fig. 25. CDB spectra of the irradiated CrCoFeMnNi at 300, 573 and 773 K to the unirradiated CrCoFeMnNi^[69].

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图 26 不同退火温度下Ti/Al界面的CDB谱图^[70]

Fig. 26. CDB spectra of Ti/Al interface at different annealing temperatures^[70].

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图 27 钨中空位团簇的多普勒谱^[79]

Fig. 27. Doppler spectra of vacancy clusters in tungsten^[79].

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图 28 (a) 根据多普勒谱计算的计算S和W参数^[79]; (b) 钨晶格、单空位和V_N的实验S和W参量^[79]

Fig. 28. (a) Computed S and W parameters calculated from Doppler spectra^[79]; (b) experimental S and W parameters for tungsten lattice, single vacancy and V_N^[79].

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图 29 (a)有不同数量空位的纯钨多普勒谱曲线^[80]; (b)有不同空位/He原子比值的纯钨多普勒谱曲线^[80]

Fig. 29. (a) Doppler spectra of pure tungsten with different numbers of vacancies^[80]; (b) Doppler spectra of pure tungsten with different vacancy/He atom ratios^[80].

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图 30 纯钨中有不同空位/He原子比值下的多普勒谱曲线^[80]

Fig. 30. Doppler curves of pure tungsten with different vacancy/He atom ratios^[80].

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图 31 (a) fcc Cu和V₁-Cu_1-8的多普勒谱^[81]; (b)两种不同晶格常数下fcc Cu, V₁-Cu_14-50和fcc Cu, bcc Cu晶格中单空位的多普勒谱^[81]

Fig. 31. (a) Doppler spectra of the fcc Cu and V₁-Cu_1-8^[81]; (b) Doppler spectra of the fcc Cu, V₁-Cu_14-50 and single vacancy in fcc Cu and bcc Cu lattice with two different lattice constants^[81].

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图 32 (a) Al-In合金在淬火后以及纯In的多普勒谱图^[82]; (b) 模拟计算的单空位和双空位以及空位-In复合物的多普勒谱图^[82]

Fig. 32. (a) Doppler spectra of Al-In alloys after quenching as well as the spectrum of the pure indium reference^[82]; (b) calculated ratio curves with respect to Al for mono- and di-vacancies as well as for vacancy-In complexes^[82].

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图 33 (a) Al-Sn合金在淬火后以及纯Sn的多普勒谱图^[82]; (b) 模拟计算的单位和双空位以及空位-Sn复合物的多普勒谱图^[82]

Fig. 33. (a) Doppler spectra of Al-In alloys after quenching as well as the spectrum of the pure indium reference^[82]; (b) calculated ratio curves with respect to Al for mono- and di-vacancies as well as for vacancy-In complexes^[82].

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图 34 (a) Zn-扩散GaAs(淬火态)和纯Zn样品的多普勒谱图^[83]; (b) 理论上计算了GaAs中不同空位和空位配合物的动量密度^[83]

Fig. 34. (a) Results of Doppler broadening spectroscopy of Zn-diffused SI GaAs (as-quenched) and pure Zn samples^[83]; (b) ratio of the momentum density to bulk GaAs for different vacancies and vacancy complexes in GaAs are theoretically calculated^[83].

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正电子湮没符合多普勒展宽技术的材料学研究进展