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In order to obtain water-vapor profiles in the lower troposphere with a high accuracy and a temporal-spatial resolution, an improved ground-based differential absorption lidar system for water-vapor measurements is demonstrated. The key components of the system and the errors possibly existing in the system are described in detail. A real-time differential absorption cross-section measurement device that can compensate for measuring error caused by laser transmitter is presented. Combined with the water-vapor concentrations of different seasons in Shanghai, the differential optical thickness, the relationship between the gain of avalanche photo-diodes and the signal to noise ratio of received signal, and the statistical error in detection of four absorption lines in the 935 nm H2O absorption band are simulated in detail. The result shows that a particular absorption line can be selected, which depends on season and meteorological condition, to achieve the best outcome. With a time resolution of 5 min and a vertical resolution of 300 m, the statistical error of water vapor concentration is no more than 18% in a range of 300-5000 m.
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Keywords:
- differential absorption lidar /
- differential absorption cross-section /
- performance simulation /
- wavelength selection
[1] Kiemle C, Brewer W A, Ehret G, Hardesty R M, Fix A, Senff C, Wirth M, Poberaj G, LeMone M A 2007 J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 24 627
[2] Elliott W P, Gaffen D J 1991 B. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 72 1507
[3] Huang Y F, Dong C H 2002 Meteorol. Sci. Technol. 30 24 (in Chinese) [黄意玢, 董超华 2002 气象科技 30 24]
[4] Wei C, Xue Y K, Zhu X M, Zou S X 1984 Chin. J. Atmos. Sci. 8 418 (in Chinese) [魏重, 薛永康, 朱晓明, 邹寿祥 1984 大气科学 8 418]
[5] Li G P 2007 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xian: Southwest Jiaotong University) (in Chinese) [李国平 2007 博士学位论文 (西安: 西南交通大学)]
[6] Yin Q W 2011 M. S. Dissertation (Qingdao: Ocean University of China) (in Chinese) [尹祺巍 2011 硕士学位论文 (青岛: 中国海洋大学)]
[7] Li T, Qi F D, Yue G M, Jin C J, Hu H L, Zhou J 2000 Chin. J. Atmos. Sci. 24 843 (in Chinese) [李陶, 戚福第, 岳古明, 金传佳, 胡欢陵, 周军 2000 大气科学 24 843]
[8] Wang H W, Hua D X, Wang Y F, Gao P, Zhao H 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 120701 (in Chinese) [王红伟, 华灯鑫, 王玉峰, 高朋, 赵虎 2013 物理学报 62 120701]
[9] Grant W B 1991 Opt. Eng. 30 40
[10] Higdon N S, Browell E V, Ponsardin P, Grossmann B E, Butler C F, Chyba T H, Mayo M N, Allen R J, Heuser A W, Grant W B, Ismail S, Mayor S D, Carter A F 1994 Appl. Opt. 33 6422
[11] Bruneau D, Quaglia P, Flamant C, Meissonnier M, Pelon J 2001 Appl. Opt. 40 3450
[12] Poberaj G, Fix A, Assion A, Wirth M, Kiemle C, Ehret G 2002 Appl. Phys. B 75 165
[13] Liu H, Shu R, Hong G L, Zheng L, Ge Y, Hu Y H 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 104214 (in Chinese) [刘豪, 舒嵘, 洪光烈, 郑龙, 葛烨, 胡以华 2014 物理学报 63 104214]
[14] Korb C L, Weng C Y 1982 J. Appl. Meteorol. 21 1346
[15] Theopold F A, Bösenberg J 1993 J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 10 165
[16] Wulfmeyer V, Bösenberg J 1998 Appl. Opt. 37 3825
[17] Russell P B, Morley B M, Livingston J M, Grams G W, Patterson E M 1982 Appl. Opt. 21 1541
[18] Bösenberg J 1998 Appl. Opt. 37 3845
[19] Ismail S, Browell E V 1989 Appl. Opt. 28 3603
[20] Raymond M 1992 Laser Remote Sensing: Fundamentals and Applications (Malabar Florida: Krieger) p224
[21] Sun J Q 1986 Laser Atmospheric Detection (Beijing: Science Press) p80 (in Chinese) [孙景群 1986 激光大气探测 (北京: 科学出版社) 第80页]
[22] Ambrico P F, Amodeo A, Girolamo P D, Spinelli N 2000 Appl. Opt. 39 6847
[23] Remsberg E E, Gordley L L 1978 Appl. Opt. 17 624
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[1] Kiemle C, Brewer W A, Ehret G, Hardesty R M, Fix A, Senff C, Wirth M, Poberaj G, LeMone M A 2007 J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 24 627
[2] Elliott W P, Gaffen D J 1991 B. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 72 1507
[3] Huang Y F, Dong C H 2002 Meteorol. Sci. Technol. 30 24 (in Chinese) [黄意玢, 董超华 2002 气象科技 30 24]
[4] Wei C, Xue Y K, Zhu X M, Zou S X 1984 Chin. J. Atmos. Sci. 8 418 (in Chinese) [魏重, 薛永康, 朱晓明, 邹寿祥 1984 大气科学 8 418]
[5] Li G P 2007 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xian: Southwest Jiaotong University) (in Chinese) [李国平 2007 博士学位论文 (西安: 西南交通大学)]
[6] Yin Q W 2011 M. S. Dissertation (Qingdao: Ocean University of China) (in Chinese) [尹祺巍 2011 硕士学位论文 (青岛: 中国海洋大学)]
[7] Li T, Qi F D, Yue G M, Jin C J, Hu H L, Zhou J 2000 Chin. J. Atmos. Sci. 24 843 (in Chinese) [李陶, 戚福第, 岳古明, 金传佳, 胡欢陵, 周军 2000 大气科学 24 843]
[8] Wang H W, Hua D X, Wang Y F, Gao P, Zhao H 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 120701 (in Chinese) [王红伟, 华灯鑫, 王玉峰, 高朋, 赵虎 2013 物理学报 62 120701]
[9] Grant W B 1991 Opt. Eng. 30 40
[10] Higdon N S, Browell E V, Ponsardin P, Grossmann B E, Butler C F, Chyba T H, Mayo M N, Allen R J, Heuser A W, Grant W B, Ismail S, Mayor S D, Carter A F 1994 Appl. Opt. 33 6422
[11] Bruneau D, Quaglia P, Flamant C, Meissonnier M, Pelon J 2001 Appl. Opt. 40 3450
[12] Poberaj G, Fix A, Assion A, Wirth M, Kiemle C, Ehret G 2002 Appl. Phys. B 75 165
[13] Liu H, Shu R, Hong G L, Zheng L, Ge Y, Hu Y H 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 104214 (in Chinese) [刘豪, 舒嵘, 洪光烈, 郑龙, 葛烨, 胡以华 2014 物理学报 63 104214]
[14] Korb C L, Weng C Y 1982 J. Appl. Meteorol. 21 1346
[15] Theopold F A, Bösenberg J 1993 J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 10 165
[16] Wulfmeyer V, Bösenberg J 1998 Appl. Opt. 37 3825
[17] Russell P B, Morley B M, Livingston J M, Grams G W, Patterson E M 1982 Appl. Opt. 21 1541
[18] Bösenberg J 1998 Appl. Opt. 37 3845
[19] Ismail S, Browell E V 1989 Appl. Opt. 28 3603
[20] Raymond M 1992 Laser Remote Sensing: Fundamentals and Applications (Malabar Florida: Krieger) p224
[21] Sun J Q 1986 Laser Atmospheric Detection (Beijing: Science Press) p80 (in Chinese) [孙景群 1986 激光大气探测 (北京: 科学出版社) 第80页]
[22] Ambrico P F, Amodeo A, Girolamo P D, Spinelli N 2000 Appl. Opt. 39 6847
[23] Remsberg E E, Gordley L L 1978 Appl. Opt. 17 624
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