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Physical random number, which is non-reproducible and non-periodical, has attracted much attention due to its potential applications in various fields such as secure communication, statistical analysis, and numerical simulation. Recently, fast physical random number generators based on optical chaotic entropy sources have been demonstrated to reach a rate of up to several hundreds of Gbit/s. Although many efforts have been made to optimize the schemeis of chaotic-based random number generation, most of them are based on distributed feedback semiconductor lasers and can only generate single-channel physical random number. After taking into account the costs and technological applications, the multi-channel physical random number generation technique needs developing. On the other hand, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) can simultaneously emit two orthogonally polarized components under appropriate parameter conditions, and then each polarized component can be used as an entropy source for generating random number. As a result, VCSEL-based chaotic entropy sources may be suitable for multi-channel random number generation. In this work, a scheme for achieving multi-channel physical random number is proposed. Also the influence of the coupling parameters on the performance of the randomness of final bit sequences is investigated. For such a scheme, two orthogonally mutually coupled VCSELs are used to supply four-channel chaotic signals with a comparable output power and weak time-delay signature (TDS). The four-channel chaotic signals, which serve as chaotic entropy, are quantized by 8-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) with 20 GHz sampling rate, and then the m least significant bit (m-LSB) post-processing method is adopted for generating final four-channel random bit sequences. Firstly, based on the spin-flip mode of VCSELs, the influences of coupling strength and frequency detuning on the dynamics of two orthogonally mutually coupled 1550 nm VCSELs are analyzed. Next, the optimized parameter regions for generating four-channel chaotic signals with comparable output power and weak TDS are preliminarily determined. For a given optimized value of coupling strength and different frequency detunings within the optimized parameter regions, the generated four-channel chaotic signals are taken as the entropy sources for obtaining final bit sequence by quantizing the 8-bit ADC and m-LSB post-processing. Finally, the randomness of the four final bit sequences is tested by NIST SP 800-22 statistical test suite, and the regions of preferred coupling parameters for simultaneously generating four-channel random numbers are determined.
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Keywords:
- vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers /
- orthogonally mutual coupling /
- chaotic entropy source /
- physical random number
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[1] Gallager R G 2008 Principles of Digital Communication (New York: Cambridge University Press) pp199-244
[2] Stinson D R 2005 Cryptography: Theory and Practice (Ontario: CRC Press) pp423-452
[3] Asmussen S, Glynn P W 2007 Stochastic Simulation: Algorithms and Analysis (New York: Springer-Verlag) pp30-65
[4] Bucci M, Germani L, Luzzi R, Trifiletti A, Varanonuovo M 2003 IEEE Trans. Computers 52 403
[5] Petrie C S, Connelly J A 2000 IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I 47 615
[6] Danger J L, Guilley S, Hoogvorst P 2009 Microelectron. J. 40 1650
[7] Gabriel C, Wittmann C, Sych D, Dong R, Mauerer W, Andersen U L, Marquardt C, Leuchs G 2010 Nat. Photonics 4 711
[8] Marangon D G, Vallone G, Villoresi P 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 060503
[9] Zhu M Y, Liu Y, Yu Q F, Guo H 2012 Laser Phys. Lett. 9 775
[10] Guo H, Tang W Z, Liu Y, Wei W 2010 Phys. Rev. E 81 051137
[11] Uchida A, Amano K, Inoue M, Hirano K, Naito S, Someya H, Oowada I, Kurashige T, Shiki M, Yoshimori S, Yoshimura K, Davis P 2008 Nat. Photonics 2 728
[12] Harayama T, Sunada S, Yoshimura K, Davis P, Tsuzuki K, Uchida A 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 031803
[13] Sakuraba R, Iwakawa K, Kanno K, Uchida A 2015 Opt. Express 23 1470
[14] Reidler I, Aviad Y, Rosenbluh M, Kanter I 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 024102
[15] Kanter I, Aviad Y, Reidler I, Cohen E, Rosenbluh M 2010 Nat. Photonics 4 58
[16] Oliver N, Soriano M C, Sukow D W, Fischer I 2011 Opt. Lett. 36 4632
[17] Oliver N, Soriano M C, Sukow D W, Fischer I 2013 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 49 910
[18] Wang A B, Li P, Zhang J G, Zhang J Z, Li L, Wang Y C 2013 Opt. Express 21 20452
[19] Li P, Jiang L, Sun Y Y, Zhang J G, Wang Y C 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 230502 (in Chinese)[李璞, 江镭, 孙媛媛, 张建国, 王云才 2015 物理学报 64 230502]
[20] Li N Q, Kim B, Chizhevsky V N, Locquet A, Bloch M, Citrin D S, Pan W 2014 Opt. Express 22 6634
[21] Li N Q, Pan W, Xiang S Y, Zhao Q C, Zhang L Y 2014 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 26 1886
[22] Tang X, Wu Z M, Wu J G, Deng T, Fan L, Zhong Z Q, Chen J J, Xia G Q 2015 Laser Phys. Lett. 12 015003
[23] Tang X, Wu Z M, Wu J G, Deng T, Chen J J, Fan L 2015 Opt. Express 23 33130
[24] Virte M, Mercier E, Thienpont H, Panajotov K, Sciamanna M 2014 Opt. Express 22 17271
[25] Zhang L M, Pan B W, Chen G C, Guo L, Lu D, Zhao L J, Wang W 2017 Sci. Rep. 8 45900
[26] Iga K 2000 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6 1201
[27] Koyama F 2006 J. Lightwave Technol. 24 4502
[28] Xiang S Y, Pan W, Luo B, Yan L S, Zou X H, Jiang N, Li N Q, Zhu H N 2012 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 24 1267
[29] Liu Q X, Pan W, Zhang L Y, Li N Q, Yan J 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 024209 (in Chinese)[刘庆喜, 潘炜, 张力月, 李念强, 阎娟 2015 物理学报 64 024209]
[30] Rukhin A, Soto J, Nechvatal J, Smid M, Barker E, Leigh S, Levenson M, Vangel M, Banks D, Heckert A, Dray J, Vo S 2010 NIST Special Publication 800-22 (Rev.1) (Gaithersburg: National Institute of Standards and Technology)
[31] Martin-Regalado J, Prati F, San Miguel M, Abraham N B 1997 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 33 765
[32] Sciamanna M, Gatare I, Locquet A, Panajotov K 2007 Phys. Rev. E 75 056213
[33] Xiang S Y, Pan W, Luo B, Yan L S, Zou X H, Li N Q 2013 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 19 1700108
[34] Rontani D, Locquet A, Sciamanna M, Citrin D S, Ortin S 2009 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 45 879
[35] Bandt C, Pompe B 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 174102
[36] Torre M, Hurtado A, Quirce A, Valle A, Pesquera L, Adams M 2011 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 47 92
[37] Yang F, Tang X, Zhong Z Q, Xia G Q, Wu Z M 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 194207 (in Chinese)[杨峰, 唐曦, 钟祝强, 夏光琼, 吴正茂 2016 物理学报 65 194207]
[38] Cao T, Lin X D, Xia G Q, Chen X H, Wu Z M 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 114202 (in Chinese)[曹体, 林晓东, 夏光琼, 陈兴华, 吴正茂 2012 物理学报 61 114202]
[39] Quirce A, Valle A, Thienpont H, Panajotov K 2016 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 33 90
[40] Wu J G, Wu Z M, Xia G Q, Feng G Y 2012 Opt. Express 20 1741
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