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Optical diode is a device that can realize unidirectional transmission of light. Its function is similar to that of an electronic diode. It has important applications in the field of optoelectronic integration and all-optical communications. Unidirectional wave transmission requires either time-reversal or spatial inversion symmetry breaking. The magneto-optical effect and optical nonlinearity are usually utilized to break the time-reversal symmetry and obtain the unidirectional transmission. However, these schemes all need high light intensity or magnetic field strength to be realized, and limit the usage. Therefore, spatial inversion symmetry breaking is highly desirable because of totally linear materials under low intensities. Quit a lot of researchers have designed optical diodes based on the photonic crystals and achieved unidirectional transmission for TE-like or TM-like light. The early design realized light unidirectional transmission by PC structures for only one polarization state (TE-like or TM-like incident light). It limits the application for the high integration and reconfigurable optical interconnection. The structure which can achieve unidirectional transmission for both TE and TM polarizations needs to be designed. The annular PCs have been verified to realize polarization-independent phenomena, such as beam splitting, self collimation and waveguide. In this paper, an annular PC is proposed. The plane wave expansion method is used to calculate band structures. The results show that it exhibits a significant directional band gap for both TE and TM mode. Then, the triangular annular PC is constructed, and its transmission spectra and field distributions are calculated by the finite-different time-domain method. It is found that the structure can realize the polarization-independent unidirectional transmission, but the forward transmissivity is too low (about 20%). Moreover, another smaller size annular PC is further introduced to form annular PC heterojunction, which effectively improves the polarization-independent unidirectional transmission performance and the forward transmissivity has doubled. Through the adjustment of the interface structure, the forward transmissivity is further increased. The optimized annular PC heterostructure can realize polarization-independent unidirectional transmission, and the forward transmissivity reaches 44%. The heterostructure can be used to fabricate polarization-independent optical diode, and may have potential applications in complex all-optical integrated circuits.
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图 1 环形孔光子晶体的结构及参数
Figure 1. Annular PC structure and parameters.
图 2 环形孔光子晶体的能带结构
Figure 2. Band structure of annular PC.
图 3 (a) 三角形状的环形孔光子晶体; (b)入射光源为类TE模式时的正、反向透过谱; (c) 入射光源为类TM模式时的正、反向透过谱
Figure 3. (a) Triangular annular PC structure; (b) the forward and backward transmission spectra of the TE-like incident light; (c) the forward and backward transmission spectra of the TM-like incident light.
图 4 频率为0.43
$(a/\lambda )$ 时, 类TE或类TM模式光入射到三角形状环形孔光子晶体时的正向(a)和(c)、反向(b)和(d)场分布图Figure 4. Forward (a), (c) and backward (b), (d) field distribution of the TE-like or TM-like light at 0.43
$(a/\lambda )$ propagating in triangular annular PC.
图 5 (a)环形孔光子晶体异质结结构；(b) PC1的能带结构；(c)入射光源为类TE模式时的正、反向透过谱； (d)入射光源为类TM模式时的正、反向透过谱
Figure 5. (a) Annular PC heterostructure； (b) band structure of PC1； (c) forward and backward transmission spectra of the TE-like incident light； (d) forward and backward transmission spectra of the TM-like incident light.
图 6 频率为0.43
$(a/\lambda )$ 时, 类TE或类TM模式光入射到环形孔光子晶体异质结时的正向(a)和(c)、反向(b和d)场分布图Figure 6. Forward (a), (c) and backward (b), (d) field distribution of the TE-like or TM-like light at 0.43
$(a/\lambda )$ propagating in the annular PC heterostructure.
图 7 (a)优化后的环形孔光子晶体异质结结构；(b)入射光源为类TE模式时的正、反向透过谱；(c)入射光源为类TM模式时的正、反向透过谱
Figure 7. (a) Optimized annular PC heterostructure； (b) forward and backward transmission spectra of the TE-like incident light； (c) forward and backward transmission spectra of the TM-like incident light.
图 8 频率为0.43
$(a/\lambda )$ 时, 类TE及类TM模式光入射到优化后的环形孔光子晶体异质结时的正向(a)和(c)、反向(b和d)场分布图Figure 8. Forward (a), (c) and backward (b), (d) field distribution of the TE-like and TM-like light at 0.43
$(a/\lambda )$ propagating in the optimized annular PC heterostructure. -
[1] John S 1987 Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 2486
Google Scholar
[2] Yablonovitch E 1987 Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 2059
Google Scholar
[3] Ho K M, Chan C T, Soukoulis C M 1990 Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 3152
Google Scholar
[4] Wierer J J, Krames M R, Epler J E 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 3885
Google Scholar
[5] Kim D H, Cho C O, Roh Y G 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 203508
Google Scholar
[6] Wang C X, Xu X S, Li F, Du W, Xiong G G, Liu Y L, Chen H D 2006 Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 2472
Google Scholar
[7] 朱桂新, 于天宝, 陈淑文, 石哲, 胡淑娟, 赖珍荃, 廖清华, 黄永箴 2009 物理学报 58 1014
Google Scholar
Zhu X G, Yu T B, Chen S W, Shi Z, Hu S J, Lai Z Q, Liao Q H, Huang Y Z 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 1014
Google Scholar
[8] 杨倩倩, 侯蓝田 2009 物理学报 58 8345
Google Scholar
Yang Q Q, Hou L T 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 8345
Google Scholar
[9] 陈颖, 王文跃, 于娜 2014 物理学报 63 034205
Chen Y, Wang W Y, Yu N 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 034205
[10] 庄煜阳, 周雯, 季珂, 陈鹤鸣 2015 物理学报 64 224202
Google Scholar
Zhuang Y Y, Zhou W, Ji K, Chen H M 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 224202
Google Scholar
[11] 张学智, 冯鸣, 张心正 2013 物理学报 62 024201
Zhang X Z, Feng M, Zhang X Z 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 024201
[12] Zaman T R, Guo X, Ram R 2007 J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 023514
Google Scholar
[13] Bi L, Hu J, Jiang P, et al. 2011 Nat. Photonics 5 758
Google Scholar
[14] Fan L, Wang J, Varghese L T 2012 Science 335 447
Google Scholar
[15] Kurt H, Yilmaz D, Akosman A E, et al. 2012 Opt. Express 20 20635
Google Scholar
[16] Zhang Y Y, Kan Q, Wang G P 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 4934
Google Scholar
[17] Lu C C, Hu X Y, Zhang Y B, et al. 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 051107
Google Scholar
[18] Wang C, Zhou C Z, Li Z Y 2011 Opt. Express 19 26948
Google Scholar
[19] Feng S, Wang Y Q 2013 Opt. Express 21 220
Google Scholar
[20] Feng S, Wang Y Q 2013 Opt. Mater. 36 546
Google Scholar
[21] 程立锋, 任承, 王萍, 冯帅 2014 物理学报 63 154213
Google Scholar
Cheng L F, Ren C, Wang P, Feng S 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 154213
Google Scholar
[22] 刘丹, 胡森, 肖明 2017 物理学报 66 054209
Liu D, Hu S, Xiao M 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 054209
[23] Yucel M B, Cicek A, Ulug B 2013 Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications 11 270
[24] Cicek A, Ulug B 2009 Opt. Express 17 18381
Google Scholar
[25] Hou J, Gao D S, Wu H 2009 Opt. Commun. 282 3172
Google Scholar
[26] Wu H, Citrin D S, Jiang L Y, et al. 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 141112
Google Scholar
[27] Jiang L Y, Wu H, Li X Y 2013 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 30 1248
[28] Feng J, Chen Y, Blair J, et al. 2009 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 27 568
Google Scholar
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