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From a microscopic perspective, the single extreme rogue wave event can be thought of as the spatiotemporally localized rational solutions of the underlying integrable model. A typical example is the fundamental Peregrine rogue wave, who in general entails a three-fold peak amplitude, while making its peak position arbitrary on a finite continuous-wave background. This kind of bizarre wave structure agrees well with the fleeting nature of realistic rogue waves and has been confirmed experimentally, first in nonlinear fibers, then in water wave tanks and plasmas, and recently in an irregular oceanic sea state. In this review, with a brief overview of the current state of the art of the concepts, methods, and research trends related to rogue wave events, we mainly discuss the fundamental Peregrine rogue wave solutions as well as their recent progress, intended for three typical integrable models, namely, the long-wave short-wave resonant equation, the three-wave resonant interaction equation, and the nonlinear Schrödinger and Maxwell–Bloch equation. Basically, while the first two models can describe the resonant interaction among optical waves, the latter governs the interaction between the optical waves and the resonant medium. For each integrable model, we present explicitly its Lax pair, Darboux transformation formulas, and fundamental Peregrine rogue wave solutions, in a self-consistent way. We confirm by convincing examples that these fundamental rogue wave solutions exhibit universality and can be applied to the multi-component or the higher-order versions of the current integrable models. By means of numerical simulations, we demonstrate as well several novel rogue wave dynamics such as coexisting rogue waves, complementary rogue waves, and Peregrine solitons of self-induced transparency.
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Keywords:
- rogue wave /
- long-wave short-wave resonance /
- three-wave resonant interaction /
- Maxwell–Bloch equation
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图 1 数值模拟验证初始白噪声微扰下的基阶RW解(5)式, (6)式和 (10)式的稳定性, 左列图对应
$(m, n) =(-1.3514, ~0.7803)$ , 中列图对应$(m, n) =(- 0.4287, ~0.6442)$ . 右列图显示这两类RW结构在同一背景场中的数值激发. 图改编自文献[109]Figure 1. Simulations confirm the stability of the fundamental RW solutions (5), (6), and (10) against initial white noise perturbations. Left column:
$(m, n) =(-1.3514, ~0.7803)$ ; Middle column:$(m, n) =(- 0.4287, ~0.6442)$ . The right column shows the numerical excitation of such two rogue wave families from the same background field. Figure adapted from Ref. [109].图 3 NLS–MB方程的基阶RW解(23)的时空演化, 其中(a)列图对应解析解的3D曲面和轮廓图; (b)列图为数值模拟结果, 初始条件已文中给出; (c)列图显示这类异常波结构在背景场中的数值激发产生, 已黑线圈出. 图改编自文献[95]
Figure 3. Spatiotemporal evolution of the fundamental rogue wave solutions (23) of the NLS–MB equation. Column (a): Analytical solutions, given by 3D surface and contour plots; Column (b) the numerical results, with initial conditions being specified in the text; The column (c) shows the numerical excitation of the rogue waves, indicated by the black circles, from the background field. Figure adapted from Ref. [95].
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[2] Dysthe K, Krogstad H E, Müller P 2008 Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 40 287Google Scholar
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[6] Onorato M, Resitori S, Baronio F (ed) 2016 Rogue and Shock Waves in Nonlinear Dispersive Media (Switzerland: Springer) pp179–203
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[15] 张解放, 戴朝卿 2016 物理学报 65 050501Google Scholar
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[16] Liu C, Yang Z Y, Zhao L C, Yang W L, Yue R H 2013 Chin. Phys. Lett. 30 040304Google Scholar
[17] Yan Z Y 2010 Commun. Theor. Phys. 54 947Google Scholar
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[19] Akhmediev N, Ankiewicz A, Taki M 2009 Phys. Lett. A 373 675Google Scholar
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[22] Baronio F, Degasperis A, Conforti M, Wabnitz S 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 044102Google Scholar
[23] Chen S, Baronio F, Soto-Crespo J M, Grelu Ph, Mihalache D 2017 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 50 463001Google Scholar
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[26] Shrira V I, Geogjaev V V 2010 J. Eng. Math. 67 11Google Scholar
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[28] Bailung H, Sharma S K, Nakamura Y 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 255005Google Scholar
[29] Chabchoub A 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 144103Google Scholar
[30] Walczak P, Randoux S, Suret P 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 143903Google Scholar
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[38] Chen S, Soto-Crespo J M, Grelu Ph 2014 Opt. Express 22 27632Google Scholar
[39] Guo B L, Ling L M 2011 Chin. Phys. Lett. 28 110202Google Scholar
[40] Baronio F, Conforti M, Degasperis A, Lombardo S 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 114101Google Scholar
[41] Grelu Ph (ed) 2016 Nonlinear Optical Cavity Dynamics: from Microresonators to Fiber Lasers (Weinheim: Wiley-VCH) pp231–316
[42] Grelu Ph, Akhmediev N 2012 Nat. Photonics 6 84Google Scholar
[43] Chen S, Dudley J M 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 233903Google Scholar
[44] Akhmediev N, Ankiewicz A 1997 Solitons: Nonlinear Pulses and Beams (London: Chapman and Hall)
[45] Chen S, Liu Y, Mysyrowicz A 2010 Phys. Rev. A 81 061806Google Scholar
[46] Guo B, Ling L, Liu Q P 2012 Phys. Rev. E 85 026607Google Scholar
[47] He J S, Zhang H R, Wang L H, Porsezian K, Fokas A S 2013 Phys. Rev. E 87 052914Google Scholar
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[49] Wang D S, Wang X 2018 Nonlinear Anal. Real World Appl. 41 334Google Scholar
[50] Chen S, Zhou Y, Baronio F, Mihalache D 2018 Rom. Rep. Phys. 70 102
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[63] Chen S, Baronio F, Soto-Crespo J M, Liu Y, Grelu Ph 2016 Phys. Rev. E 93 062202Google Scholar
[64] Chen S, Zhou Y, Bu L, Baronio F, Soto-Crespo J M, Mihalache D 2019 Opt. Express 27 11370Google Scholar
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[75] Randoux S, Suret P, El G 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 29238Google Scholar
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[85] Malomed B A, Mihalache D 2019 Rom. J. Phys. 64 106
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