Ge-As-S chalcogenide glass fiber with high laser damage threshold and mid-infrared supercontinuum generation

Tian Kang-Zhen; Hu Yong-Sheng; Ren He; Qi Si-Sheng; Yang An-Ping; Feng Xian; Yang Zhi-Yong

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20201324

Abstract

High-brightness broadband mid-infrared supercontinuum sources are highly demanded for many applications such as remote sensing, environmental monitoring, manufacturing industry, medical surgery and thermal imaging. For fulfilling these applications, high average power output is required. Compared with all other mid-infrared glass fibers, chalcogenide glass fiber possesses low phonon energy, long wavelength transmission edge, and high Kerr nonlinearity, thereby becoming a uniquely ideal nonlinear optical material for generating broadband mid-infrared supercontinuum. Unfortunately, due to weak chemical bonds forming the glass network, the commonly used As-S chalcogenide glass has a relatively low laser damage threshold. Thus from the material aspect, it limits high power yielded from a chalcogenide fiber based mid-infrared supercontinuum source. A chalcogenide glass host with enhanced laser damage threshold is therefore needed for further power scaling up of such a mid-infrared fiber supercontinuum. In this work, we introduce germanium into a traditional As-S glass system. The laser damage threshold of Ge-As-S glass is investigated systematically. A 3.6-μm femtosecond laser is employed as an excitation source. The relationship between the laser damage threshold and the glass composition indicates that of the studied Ge-As-S chalcogenide glasses, stoichiometric Ge_0.25As_0.1S_0.65 glass possesses the highest laser damage threshold.In the following fiber design and fabrication, the optimized stoichiometric Ge_0.25As_0.1S_0.65 glass therefore is chosen as a core material of the designed fiber, while a compatible Ge_0.26As_0.08S_0.66 glass is selected as a cladding material. A step-index nonlinear fiber with a core diameter of 15 μm is fabricated by the traditional rod-in-tube method. The numerical aperture and the background loss of the fabricated Ge_0.25As_0.1S_0.65/Ge_0.26As_0.08S_0.66 fiber are ~0.24 and < 2 dB/m, respectively.Broadband mid-infrared supercontinuum is generated in the fiber by using an anomalous-dispersion pumping scheme. A 4.8-μm femtosecond laser with a pulse duration of 170 femtosecond and a repetition rate of 100 kHz is adopted as a pump source. The guidance of the fundamental mode is confirmed under low pump power level. With the increase of the pump power, the supercontinuum shows to be significantly broadened. Broadband supercontinuum ranging from 2.5 μm to 7.5 μm is generated in an only 10-cm-long fiber, when the maximum coupled pump power is 15 mW, equivalent to a peak power of 882 kW. The power output of the supercontinuum is 5.5 mW.All in all, the results indicate that the Ge-As-S chalcogenide glass fiber is a promising nonlinear medium for broadband mid-infrared supercontinuum sources with high brightness.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China

Corresponding author: Feng Xian, xianfeng@jsnu.edu.cn ; Yang Zhi-Yong, yangzhiyong@jsnu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61805109, 61575086), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BK20170229), and the Natural Science Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. 18KJB180004)

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References

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[36]	Eftekhar M A, Wright L G, Mills M S, Kolesik M, Correa R A, Wise F W, Christodoulides D N 2017 Opt. Express 25 9078 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 SC测试实验装置示意图

Figure 1. Experimental setup for mid-infrared SC measurements

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 Ge-As-S玻璃的I_th与化学组成的关联

Figure 2. Correlation between the I_th and d_S of Ge-As-S glasses.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 Ge-As-S玻璃的　(a) 透过光谱(玻璃厚度为3.7 mm)和 (b) DSC曲线

Figure 3. (a) Transmission spectra and (b) DSC curves of Ge-As-S glasses.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 Ge-As-S玻璃的线性折射率n₀及光纤的NA

Figure 4. Measured refractive indices of Ge-As-S glasses and the calculated NA of the fiber.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 Ge_0.25As_0.1S_0.65玻璃和芯径为15μm的Ge_0.25As_0.1S_0.65/Ge_0.26As_0.08S_0.66光纤的色散曲线

Figure 5. Dispersion curves of Ge_0.25As_0.1S_0.65 glass and Ge_0.25As_0.1S_0.65/Ge_0.26As_0.08S_0.66 fiber with a core diameter of 15 μm.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 Ge_0.25As_0.1S_0.65/Ge_0.26As_0.08S_0.66玻璃光纤的损耗谱, 插图为光纤的横截面

Figure 6. Attenuation of fabricated Ge_0.25As_0.1S_0.65/Ge_0.26As_0.08S_0.66 fiber. The inset is the cross section of the fiber.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 (a) Ge-As-S光纤输出光斑; (b) 采用4.8 μm激光(170 fs, 100 kHz)抽运芯径为15 μm的Ge_0.25As_0.1S_0.65/Ge_0.26As_0.08S_0.66玻璃光纤获得的SC输出

Figure 7. (a) Measured light spot at the output end of the Ge-As-S fiber; (b) Measured SC generated in the Ge_0.25As_0.1S_0.65/Ge_0.26As_0.08S_0.66 fiber with a core diameter of 15 µm when pumped at 4.8 µm (170 fs, 100 kHz).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 Ge-As-S玻璃在中心波长为3.6 μm、脉冲宽度为170 fs、重复频率为100 kHz激光辐照下的I_th

Table 1. I_th of Ge-As-S glasses under the irradiation of 170 fs pulses with the repetition rates of 100 kHz at 3.6 μm.

Composition	d_S /at. %	I_th/GW·cm^–2
Ge_0.1As_0.1S_0.8	45	462
Ge_0.15As_0.1S_0.75	30	498
Ge_0.1As_0.2S_0.7	20	550
Ge_0.2As_0.1S_0.7	15	589
Ge_0.15As_0.2S_0.65	5	609
Ge_0.25As_0.1S_0.65	0	638
Ge_0.2As_0.2S_0.6	–10	530
Ge_0.3As_0.1S_0.6	–15	465
Ge_0.25As_0.20S_0.55	–25	425
Ge_0.35As_0.1S_0.55	–30	392
Ge_0.3As_0.2S_0.5	–40	350

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Petersen C R, Moller U, Kubat I, Zhou B, Dupont S, Ramsay J, Benson T, Sujecki S, Abdel-Moneim N, Tang Z, Furniss D, Seddon A, Bang O 2014 Nat. Photonics 8 830 Google Scholar
[2]	Yu Y, Gai X, Ma P, Vu K, Yang Z, Wang R, Choi D Y, Madden S, Luther-Davies B 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 958
[3]	Cheng T, Nagasaka K, Tuan T H, Xue X, Matsumoto M, Tezuka H, Suzuki T, Ohishi Y 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 2117 Google Scholar
[4]	Shi H, Feng X, Tan F, Wang P, Wang P 2016 Opt. Mater. Express 6 3967 Google Scholar
[5]	Jiang X, Joly N Y, Finger M A, Babic F, Wong G K L, Travers J C, Russell P S J 2015 Nat. Photonics 9 133 Google Scholar
[6]	Zhao Z, Chen P, Wang X, Xue Z, Tian Y, Jiao K, Wang X-g, Peng X, Zhang P, Shen X, Dai S, Nie Q, Wang R 2019 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 102 5172 Google Scholar
[7]	Wei H F, Chen S P, Hou J, Chen K K, Li J Y 2016 Chin. Phys. Lett. 33 64202 Google Scholar
[8]	Boivin M, El-Amraoui M, Ledemi Y, Celarie F, Vallee R, Messaddeq Y 2016 Opt. Mater. Express 6 1653 Google Scholar
[9]	Rezvani S A, Nomura Y, Ogawa K, Fuji T 2019 Opt. Express 27 24499 Google Scholar
[10]	Li G, Peng X, Dai S, Wang Y, Xie M, Yang L, Yang C, Wei W, Zhang P 2018 J. Lightwave Technol. 37 1847 Google Scholar
[11]	Zhang B, Yu Y, Zhai C, Qi S, Wang Y, Yang A, Gai X, Wang R, Yang Z, Luther-Davies B 2016 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 99 2565 Google Scholar
[12]	Zhao Z, Wu B, Wang X, Pan Z, Liu Z, Zhang P, Shen X, Nie Q, Dai S, Wang R 2017 Laser Photonics Rev. 11 1700005 Google Scholar
[13]	Dai S, Wang Y, Peng X, Zhang P, Wang X, Xu Y 2018 Appl. Sci. 8 707 Google Scholar
[14]	Yao C, Jia Z, Li Z, Jia S, Zhao Z, Zhang L, Feng Y, Qin G, Ohishi Y, Qin W 2018 Optica 5 1264 Google Scholar
[15]	Gattass R R, Shaw L B, Nguyen V Q, Pureza P C, Aggarwal I D, Sanghera J S 2012 Opt. Fiber Technol. 18 345 Google Scholar
[16]	Robichaud L R, Duval S, Pleau L P, Fortin V, Bah S T, Chatigny S, Vallee R, Bernier M 2020 Opt. Express 28 107 Google Scholar
[17]	Zhang M, Li T, Yang Y, Tao H, Zhang X, Yuan X, Yang Z 2019 Opt. Mater. Express 9 555 Google Scholar
[18]	You C, Dai S, Zhang P, Xu Y, Wang Y, Xu D, Wang R 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 6497
[19]	Zhu L, Yang D, Wang L, Zeng J, Zhang Q, Xie M, Zhang P, Dai S 2018 Opt. Mater. 85 220 Google Scholar
[20]	Zhang Y, Xu Y, You C, Xu D, Tang J, Zhang P, Dai S 2017 Opt. Express 25 8886 Google Scholar
[21]	Messaddeq S H, Vallee R, Soucy P, Bernier M, El-Amraoui M, Messaddeq Y 2012 Opt. Express 20 29882 Google Scholar
[22]	李铜铜, 张鸣杰, 田康振, 张翔, 袁孝, 杨安平, 杨志勇 2019 光学学报 39 1016001 Google Scholar Li T T, Zhang M J, Tian K Z, Zhang X, Yuan X, Yang A P, Yang Z Y 2019 Acta Opt. Sin. 39 1016001 Google Scholar
[23]	Zhang M, Li L, Li T, Wang F, Tian K, Tao H, Feng X, Yang A, Yang Z 2019 Opt. Express 27 29287 Google Scholar
[24]	Sun M, Yang A, Zhang X, Ma H, Zhang M, Tian K, Feng X, Yang Z 2019 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 102 6600 Google Scholar
[25]	Zhang M, Yang Z, Zhao H, Yang A, Li L, Tao H 2017 J. Alloys Compd. 722 166 Google Scholar
[26]	Lu X, Lai Z, Zhang R, Guo H, Ren J, Strizik L, Wagner T, Farrell G, Wang P 2019 J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 39 3373 Google Scholar
[27]	乔北京, 陈飞飞, 黄益聪, 戴世勋, 聂秋华, 徐铁峰 2015 物理学报 64 154216 Google Scholar Qiao B J, Chen F F, Huang Y C, Dai S X, Nie Q H, Xu T F 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 154216 Google Scholar
[28]	Liu L, Zheng X, Xiao X, Xu Y, Cui X, Cui J, Guo C, Yang J, Guo H 2019 Opt. Mater. Express 9 3582 Google Scholar
[29]	杨艳, 陈云翔, 刘永华, 芮扬, 曹烽燕, 杨安平, 祖成奎, 杨志勇 2016 物理学报 65 127801 Google Scholar Yang Y, Chen Y X, Liu Y H, Rui Y, Cao F Y, Yang A P, Zu C K, Yang Z Y 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 127801 Google Scholar
[30]	Yang Y, Zhang B, Yang A, Yang Z, Lucas P 2015 J. Phys. Chem. B 119 5096 Google Scholar
[31]	Zhang B, Guo W, Yu Y, Zhai C, Qi S, Yang A, Li L, Yang Z, Wang R, Tang D, Tao G, Luther-Davies B 2015 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 98 1389 Google Scholar
[32]	Snopatin G E, Shiryaev V S, Plotnichenko V G, Dianov E M, Churbanov M F 2009 Inorg. Mater. 45 1439 Google Scholar
[33]	Nguyen V Q, Sanghera J S, Kung F H, Aggarwal I D, Lloyd I K 1999 Appl. Opt. 38 3206 Google Scholar
[34]	Dudley J M, Genty G, Coen S 2006 Rev. Mod. Phys. 78 1135 Google Scholar
[35]	Biancalana F, Skryabin D V, Yulin A V 2004 Phys. Rev. E 70 016615 Google Scholar
[36]	Eftekhar M A, Wright L G, Mills M S, Kolesik M, Correa R A, Wise F W, Christodoulides D N 2017 Opt. Express 25 9078 Google Scholar

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