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Low carbon steel plays an important role in many applications due to its high strength. Its high strength comes from the strengthening effect of nano-Cu-rich phase precipitates. In order to effectively adjust the microstructure of Cu-rich phase precipitates and obtain Fe-Cu-based steel with the best properties by adding different alloying elements (Mn, Al), it is necessary to understand the precipitation process of Cu particles. In this paper, based on the Ginzburg-Landau theory, the previous phase field model is modified, and the continuous phase field method is used to simulate the precipitation mechanism of nanometer Cu-rich precipitates and the inhibiting of the effect of Al content on Cu-rich precipitates of Fe-15%Cu-3%Mn-xAl (x = 1%, 3%, 5% mass fraction) alloy at 873 K isothermal aging. Combining with the free energy derived from thermodynamics database, the microstructure evolution corresponds to the real alloy system. By calculating the composition field variables and structural order parameters, the evolution of phase separation and precipitated phase morphology in aging process are simulated. Moreover, the influence law of morphology, quantity density, average particle radius, growth and coarsening of Cu-rich precipitated phase are discussed. The results show that in the early stage of aging process, the nano-Cu-rich phase precipitates through the spinodal decomposition mechanism, and is randomly distributed in the iron matrix. Furthermore, due to the difference in atomic diffusion rate, the core-shell structure with Cu-rich phase as a core is formed. With the aging time extending, the structure of Cu-rich phase precipitates changes from bcc to fcc. Because of the synergistic effect between Al and Cu, the diffusion of Cu is slowed down. Besides, with the Al and Mn atoms precipitating, Al/Mn clusters are segregated around the Cu-rich precipitates, forming the Al/Mn intermetallic core-shell structure, and gradually wrapping the Cu-rich phase uniformly. During the evolution of the precipitation stage, the Al/Mn clusters are isolated around the Cu-rich precipitation phase, forming a gradually uniform Al/Mn intermetallic phase core shell structure covering the Cu-rich phase, which is to hinder the buffer layer from forming in the precipitation stage of the reservoir. In addition, with the Al content increasing, the Al/Mn intermetallic phase promotes the growth of the buffer layer and hinders the Cu-rich precipitate phase from growing and coarsening.
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Keywords:
- phase field method /
- Fe-Cu alloy /
- Cu-rich precipitation phase /
- coarsening kinetics
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[4] Li B Y, Hu S Y, Li C L, Li Q L, Chen J, Shu G G, Jr C H, Weng Y Q, Xu B, Liu W 2017 Model. Simul. Mater. Sc. 25 6
[5] Lv G C, Zhang H, He X F, Yang W, Su Y J 2016 Aip Adv. 6 045004
Google Scholar
[6] Jiao Z B, Luan J H, Miller M K, Chung Y W, Liu C T 2017 Mater. Today 20 142
Google Scholar
[7] Shu S P, Wells P B, Almirall N, Odette G R, Morgan D D 2018 Acta Mater. 157 298
Google Scholar
[8] Odette G R, Liu C L, Wirth B D 1996 MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive 439 457
Google Scholar
[9] Wen Y R, Hirata A, Zhang Z W, Fujita T, Liu C T, Jiang J H, Chen M W 2013 Acta Mater. 61 2133
Google Scholar
[10] Miller M K, Wirth B D, Odette G R 2003 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 353 133
Google Scholar
[11] Osamura K, Okuda H, Asano K, Furusaka M, Kishida K, Kurosawa F, Uemori R 1994 ISIJ Int. 34 346
Google Scholar
[12] 沈琴, 王晓姣, 赵安宇, 何益锋, 方旭磊, 马佳荣, 刘文庆 2016 金属学报 52 513
Google Scholar
Shen Q, Wang X J, Zhao A Y, He Y F, Fang X L, Ma J R, Liu W Q 2016 Acta Metall. Sin. 52 513
Google Scholar
[13] Shen Q, Xiong X, Li T, Chen H, Cheng Y M, Liu W Q 2018 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 723 279
Google Scholar
[14] Vaynman S, Isheim D, Kolli R P, Bhat S P, Seidman D N, Fine M E 2008 Metall. Mater. Trans. A 39 363
Google Scholar
[15] Sun Y Y, Zhao Y H, Zhao B J, Yang W K, Li X L, Hou H 2019 J. Mater. Sci. 54 11263
Google Scholar
[16] 赵宝军, 赵宇宏, 孙远洋, 杨文奎, 侯华 2019 金属学报 55 593
Google Scholar
Zhao B J, Zhao Y H, Sun Y Y, Yang W K, Hou H 2019 Acta Metall. Sin. 55 593
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[18] Huang Z W, Zhao Y H, Hou H, Wang Z, Mu Y Q, Niu X F, Han P D 2011 Rare Metal Mat. Eng. 12 2136
[19] 田晓林, 赵宇宏, 田晋忠, 侯华 2018 物理学报 67 230201
Google Scholar
Tian X L, Zhao Y H, Tian J Z, Hou H 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 230201
Google Scholar
[20] Chen L Q 2002 Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 32 113
Google Scholar
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[22] Hou H, Zhao Y H, Zhao Y H 2009 Mater. Sci. Eng. 499 204
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[23] Kuang W W, Wang H F, Li X, Zhang J B, Zhou Q, Zhao Y H 2018 Acta Mater. 159 16
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Google Scholar
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图 1 时效温度873 K时Fe-15%Cu-3%Mn-1%Al合金沉淀相三维演化相场模拟 (a1)−(a4) t* = 17000; (b1)−(b4) t* = 18500; (c1)−(c4) t* = 20000; (d1)−(d4) t* = 22500
Figure 1. Three-dimensional phase-field simulation of precipitation phase of Fe-15%Cu-3%Mn-1%Al alloy when aged at 873 K: (a1)−(a4) t* = 17000; (b1)−(b4) t* = 18500; (c1)−(c4) t* = 20000; (d1)−(d4) t* = 22500.
图 2 时效温度873 K时Fe-15%Cu-3%Mn-1%Al合金中富Cu相结构序参数演化曲线
Figure 2. Evolution curves of Cu-rich phase structure order parameter in Fe-15%Cu-3%Mn-1%Al alloy when aged at 873 K.
图 3 时效温度为873 K时Fe-15%Cu-3%Mn-xAl合金三维富Cu相演化相场模拟 (a1)−(d1) x = 1%; (a2)−(d2) x = 3%; (a3)−(d3) x = 5%; (a1)−(a3) t* = 21000; (b1)−(b3) t* = 22000; (c1)−(c3) t* = 25000
Figure 3. Three dimensional evolution diagrams of Cu rich phase in quaternary alloy Fe-15%Cu-3%Mn-xAl alloy aged at 873 K: (a1)−(d1) x = 1%; (a2)−(d2) x = 3%; (a3)−(d3) x = 5%; (a1)−(a3) t* = 21000; (b1)−(b3) t* = 22000; (c1)−(c3) t* = 25000.
图 4 时效温度873 K时Fe-15%Cu-3%Mn-xAl(x = 1%, 3%, 5%)合金Gibbs自由能随时间变化曲线
Figure 4. Gibbs free energy curves in Fe-15%Cu-3%Mn-xAl (x = 1%, 3%, 5%) alloy when aged at 873 K.
图 5 时效温度873 K时Fe-15%Cu-3%Mn-xAl (x = 1%, 3%, 5%)合金中富Cu析出相颗粒密度随时间变化曲线
Figure 5. Curves of Cu-rich precipitate phase particle density in Fe-15%Cu-3%Mn-xAl (x = 1%, 3%, 5%) alloy aged at 873 K.
图 6 时效温度873 K时Fe-15%Cu-3%Mn-xAl (x = 1%, 3%, 5%)合金富Cu析出相平均颗粒半径随时间变化
Figure 6. Average particle radius of Cu-rich precipitates in Fe-15%Cu-3%Mn-xAl (x = 1%, 3%, 5%) alloy aged at 873 K.
Parameter Value Unit $ {k}_{c}, {k}_{\eta } $ ${k}_{c}=5.0\times {10}^{-15}, $ $ {\mathrm{J} \cdot \mathrm{m}}^{2}/{\mathrm{mol}}^{} $ ${k}_{c}=1.0\times {10}^{-15} $ $ {V}_{m} $ $ 7.09\times {10}^{-6} $ $ {\mathrm{m}}^{3}/{\mathrm{mol}}^{} $ T $ 873 $ $ \mathrm{K} $ Y $ 214 $ $ \mathrm{GPa} $ $ {L}_{x}\times {L}_{y}\times {L}_{z} $ $ 64\times 64\times 64 $ $ \mathrm{n}{\mathrm{m}}^{3} $ W $ 5.0\times {10}^{3} $ $ \mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{mol}}^{} $ $ {D}_{i}^{0, \varphi }\left(\varphi =\alpha, \gamma \right) $ ${D}_{\mathrm{Cu} }^{0, \alpha }=4.7\times {10}^{-5},$
${D}_{\mathrm{Cu} }^{0, \gamma }=4.3\times {10}^{-5} $$ {\mathrm{m}}^{2}/{\mathrm{s}}^{} $ ${D}_{\mathrm{Mn} }^{0, \alpha }=1.49\times {10}^{-4}, $
${D}_{\mathrm{Mn} }^{0, \gamma }=1.78\times {10}^{-5} $${D}_{\mathrm{Al} }^{0, \alpha}$[31]$=5.35\times {10}^{-4}, $
$ {D}_{\mathrm{Al} }^{0, \gamma } $[31]$=2.20\times {10}^{-5} $$ {Q}_{i}^{0, \varphi }\left(\varphi =\alpha, \gamma \right) $ ${Q}_{\mathrm{Cu} }^{0, \alpha }=2.44\times {10}^{5}, $
${Q}_{\mathrm{Cu} }^{0, \gamma }=2.80\times {10}^{5} $$ \mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{mol}}^{} $ ${Q}_{\mathrm{Mn} }^{0, \alpha }=2.63\times {10}^{5},$
$ {Q}_{\mathrm{Mn} }^{0, \gamma }=2.64\times {10}^{5} $${Q}_{\mathrm{Al} }^{0, \alpha }$[31]$=2.71\times {10}^{5}, $
${Q}_{\mathrm{Al} }^{0, \gamma } $[31]$=2.67\times {10}^{5} $注: $ {k}_{c}, {k}_{\eta } $, 梯度能量系数; $ {V}_{m} $, 摩尔体积; T, 热力学温度; Y, 平均刚度系数; $ {L}_{x}, {L}_{y}, {L}_{z} $, 沿x, y, z轴的模拟区域宽度; W, 双势阱高度; $ {D}_{i}^{0, \varphi } $, 扩散系数; $ {Q}_{i}^{0, \varphi } $, 热扩散激活能. 
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[1] Zhu J M, Zhang T L, Yang Y, Liu C T 2019 Acta Mater. 166 560
Google Scholar
[2] Han G, Shang C J, Misra R D K, Xie Z J 2019 Physica B 569 68
Google Scholar
[3] Li B Y, Zhang L, Li C L, Li Q L, Chen J, Shu G G, Weng Y Q, Xu B, Hu S Y, Liu W 2018 J. Nucl. Mater. 507 59
Google Scholar
[4] Li B Y, Hu S Y, Li C L, Li Q L, Chen J, Shu G G, Jr C H, Weng Y Q, Xu B, Liu W 2017 Model. Simul. Mater. Sc. 25 6
[5] Lv G C, Zhang H, He X F, Yang W, Su Y J 2016 Aip Adv. 6 045004
Google Scholar
[6] Jiao Z B, Luan J H, Miller M K, Chung Y W, Liu C T 2017 Mater. Today 20 142
Google Scholar
[7] Shu S P, Wells P B, Almirall N, Odette G R, Morgan D D 2018 Acta Mater. 157 298
Google Scholar
[8] Odette G R, Liu C L, Wirth B D 1996 MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive 439 457
Google Scholar
[9] Wen Y R, Hirata A, Zhang Z W, Fujita T, Liu C T, Jiang J H, Chen M W 2013 Acta Mater. 61 2133
Google Scholar
[10] Miller M K, Wirth B D, Odette G R 2003 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 353 133
Google Scholar
[11] Osamura K, Okuda H, Asano K, Furusaka M, Kishida K, Kurosawa F, Uemori R 1994 ISIJ Int. 34 346
Google Scholar
[12] 沈琴, 王晓姣, 赵安宇, 何益锋, 方旭磊, 马佳荣, 刘文庆 2016 金属学报 52 513
Google Scholar
Shen Q, Wang X J, Zhao A Y, He Y F, Fang X L, Ma J R, Liu W Q 2016 Acta Metall. Sin. 52 513
Google Scholar
[13] Shen Q, Xiong X, Li T, Chen H, Cheng Y M, Liu W Q 2018 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 723 279
Google Scholar
[14] Vaynman S, Isheim D, Kolli R P, Bhat S P, Seidman D N, Fine M E 2008 Metall. Mater. Trans. A 39 363
Google Scholar
[15] Sun Y Y, Zhao Y H, Zhao B J, Yang W K, Li X L, Hou H 2019 J. Mater. Sci. 54 11263
Google Scholar
[16] 赵宝军, 赵宇宏, 孙远洋, 杨文奎, 侯华 2019 金属学报 55 593
Google Scholar
Zhao B J, Zhao Y H, Sun Y Y, Yang W K, Hou H 2019 Acta Metall. Sin. 55 593
Google Scholar
[17] Wen Z Q, Zhao Y H, Hou H, Wang B, Han P D 2017 Mater. Design 114 398
Google Scholar
[18] Huang Z W, Zhao Y H, Hou H, Wang Z, Mu Y Q, Niu X F, Han P D 2011 Rare Metal Mat. Eng. 12 2136
[19] 田晓林, 赵宇宏, 田晋忠, 侯华 2018 物理学报 67 230201
Google Scholar
Tian X L, Zhao Y H, Tian J Z, Hou H 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 230201
Google Scholar
[20] Chen L Q 2002 Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 32 113
Google Scholar
[21] Zhao Y H, Tian X L, Zhao B J, Sun Y Y, Guo H J, Dong M Y, Liu H, Wang X J, Guo Z H, Umar A, Hou H 2018 Sci. Adv. Mater. 10 1793
Google Scholar
[22] Hou H, Zhao Y H, Zhao Y H 2009 Mater. Sci. Eng. 499 204
Google Scholar
[23] Kuang W W, Wang H F, Li X, Zhang J B, Zhou Q, Zhao Y H 2018 Acta Mater. 159 16
Google Scholar
[24] Zhao Y H, Zhang B, Hou H, Chen W P, Wang M 2019 J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35 1044
Google Scholar
[25] Zhang J B, Wang H F, Kuang W W, Zhang Y C, Li S, Zhao Y H, Herlach D M 2018 Acta Mater. 148 86
Google Scholar
[26] Cahn J W 1961 Acta Metal. 9 795
Google Scholar
[27] Zhao Y H, Wang S, Zhang B, Yuan Y, Guo Q W, Hou H 2019 J. Solid State Chem. 276 232
Google Scholar
[28] Koyama T, Hashimoto K, Onodera H 2006 Mater. Trans. 47 2765
Google Scholar
[29] Koyama T, Onodera H 2005 Mater. Trans. 46 1187
Google Scholar
[30] Dinsdale A T 1991 Calphad 15 317
Google Scholar
[31] Bergner D, Khaddour Y 1993 Defect Diffus Forum 6 95
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