Sounding observation of vertical electric field in eyewall of Typhoon Wipha (No. 1907) during landing period

Zhang Ting-Long; Yu Hai; Chen Yang; Zhao Xiao-Ping; Chen Jie; Wen Zhong-Hai; Li Zhe; Jiang Xian-Ling; Zhang Mao-Hua

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20202183

Abstract

In the summer of 2019, one case of electric field sounding in eyewall of No.1907 typhoon named Wipha was obtained in Wenchang, Hainan Island, China. Up to now, it has been the first case of electric field sounding results obtained in a typhoon system. In this paper, based on the observations of satellite, meteorological radar, ground electric field and cloud-to-ground flash location data of Hainan province, China, the basic characteristics of the typhoon are analyzed in detail. Owing to the limitation of cloud-to-ground flash location system, only flash activities of the typhoon before and after landing period are analyzed and the result does not show obvious features as reported by other researches. Referring to the radar reflectivity and sounding path, we confirm that the sounding penetrates through the eyewall region of the typhoon from cloud base to top. The electric field profile and the charge region distribution in the sounding path area are analyzed, and the results show that four positive and three negative charge regions exist between 5.74 and 9.10 km above sea level and the corresponding temperatures range from –2.4 to –16.7 ℃ of the seven charge regions. The mean charge densities of each charge region from bottom to top are 0.63 nC/m³, –0.33 nC/m³, 0.31 nC/m³, –1.03 nC/m³, 1.70 nC/m³, 1.57 nC/m³ and –1.20 nC/m³, respectively. According to the preliminary analysis, we consider that the two positive charge layers at the top should be in the same charge region. Under the comprehensive consideration of the thickness of charge regions, the intensities of these six charge regions are 0.33 nC/m², –0.07 nC/m², 0.06 nC/m², –0.87 nC/m², 0.73 nC/m², and –0.18 nC/m², respectively. We can find that there are three dominant charge regions with largest intensity and they are the lowest positive charge region, the middle main negative region, and upper main positive charge region. And these vertical distributions of the three dominant charge regions are characterized by a tripole charge structure. These results are basically consistent with some simulation results. In addition, a negative screen charge region with a shallow depth in a range of 15–20 dBZ of the upper cloud boundary can be found. Combining the popular charging mechanisms, the similarity of tripole charge structure between our sounding and normal thunderstorm are discussed, and we preliminary consider that the non-inductive charging mechanism and the inductive charging mechanism, which originate from normal convection, are also suitable for eyewall region of typhoon.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of South China Sea Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Hainan Province, Haikou 570203, China
2.
Xichang Satellite Launch Center, Xichang 615000, China

Corresponding author: Zhang Ting-Long, 55962271@qq.com

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41775011), the Open Research Program of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, China (Grant No. 2019LASW-B13), the Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province, China (Grant No. 2017CXTD014), and the Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research Operating Expenses of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China (Grant No. 2020Z009)

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References

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[44]	Stolzenburg M, Marshall T C, Krehbiel P R 2010 J. Geophys. Res. 115 D19202 Google Scholar
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[51]	Dye J E, Willett J C 2007 Mon. Weather Rev. 135 3362 Google Scholar
[52]	Saunders C P R, Keith W D, Mitzeva R P 1991 J. Geophys. Res. 96 11007 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 雷达、地闪定位网及电场探空观测站分布　■: 探空点; Δ: 地闪定位子站; : 雷达站和地闪定位子站

Figure 1. Radar site and lightning location substation. ■: Electric field sounding site; Δ: Substations of lightning location network; : Radar site and lightning location substation.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 台风路径及强度变化情况　(a)移动路径; (b)文昌登陆后(8月1日9:00)的葵花卫星红外云图; (c)台风中心气压强度的时间变化

Figure 2. Typhoon path and intensity change: (a) Path; (b) Himawari satellite infrared cloud image (9:00, 1 August); (c) the evolution of air pressure at the center of typhoon Wipha.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 2019年8月1日0:00 ~ 20:00时段1907号台风登陆海南与登陆湛江前后的地闪特征　(a)地闪活动的时间演变; (b)地闪活动的空间分布; (c)和(d)分别为04:27和14:32前后15 min内地闪与雷达回波的叠加, 黑色圆点代表地闪. 图中直线α, β, ζ和θ为图4对应的剖面位置

Figure 3. The characteristics of cloud-to-ground flashes in typhoon No.1907 before and after landing in Hainan and Zhanjiang from 0:00 to 20:00 on August 1, 2019: (a) The evolution of cloud-to-ground flash activities; (b) spatial distribution of cloud-to-ground flash activities; (c) and (d) are the superposition of the flash locations upon radar echo for 30 minutes around 04:27 and 14:32, respectively, and the black dot represents the cloud-to-ground flashes. The line α, β, ζ and θ in this figure is the location of corresponding section in Fig. 4.

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图 4 图3(c)和图3(d)中沿直线α, β, ζ和θ的雷达回波垂直剖面(回波强度同图3色标)　(a)沿直线α; (b)沿直线β; (c) 沿直线ζ; (d) 沿直线θ

Figure 4. Radar echo vertical cross section of line α, β, ζ and θ in Fig.3(c) and Fig. 3(d) (The colorbar is the same as Fig. 3): (a) Line α; (b) line β; (c) line ζ; (d) line θ.

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图 5 探空时段内的雷达回波的反射率以及垂直探空路径在回波剖面上的显示　(a) 10:09时的反射率(3 km高度处); (b)图(a)中黑色方框区域的放大, 显示探空路径与回波的地面投影以及剖面切割线(线段AB); (c)探空路径在回波剖面上的投影, 图中△代表气球释放点位置

Figure 5. Sounding path and the corresponding Radar echo (10:09): (a) Radar echo at height of 3 km; (b) enlarged view of the section in the square of picture (a), the line AB is the location of vertical cross section and the black curve is the horizontal projection of the sounding path; (c) superposition image of radar echo vertical cross section of line AB in the (a) and sounding path. △: Sounding site.

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图 6 2019年8月1日9:53:11—10:23:04台风眼壁区内的探空结果　(a)上升速度; (b)电晕电流; (c)电场(E)、温度(T); (d)电荷密度

Figure 6. Sounding results in eyewall of No.1907 typhoon on August 1, 2019 (9:53:11–10:23:04): (a) Ascending velocity; (b) corona current; (c) E-field (E) and temperature (T); (d) charge density.

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图 7 台风地面电场监测　(a) 8月1日0:00—20:00, “TK”代表探空时段; (b)探空时段地面电场的扩展

Figure 7. Evolution of surface electric field of No.1907 typhoon: (a) The time period from 0:00 to 20:00 on 1^st August, “TK” stands for the sounding period; (b) enlarged view of sounding period as “TK” in Fig. (a).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Jorgensen D P, Zipser E J, LeMone M A 1985 J. Atmos. Sci. 42 839 Google Scholar
[2]	Black P G, Black R A, Hallet J, Lyons W A 1986 Preprints. 23rd Conf. on Radar Meteorology and Conf. on Cloud Physics, Snowmass, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc. J277
[3]	Venne M G, Lyons W A, Keen C S, Black P G, Gentry R C 1989 Preprints. 24th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Tallahassee, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc. 545
[4]	Lyons W A, Venne M G, Black P G 1989 Preprints, 18th Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, San Diego, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc. 113
[5]	Lay E H, Holzworth R H, Rodger C J, Thomas J N, Pinto O, Dowden R L 2004 Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 L03102
[6]	Rodger C J, Brundell J B, Dowden R L 2005 Ann. Geophys. 23 277 Google Scholar
[7]	Abarca S F, Corbosiero K L, Galarneau T J 2010 J. Geophys. Res. 115 D18206 Google Scholar
[8]	Abarca S F, Corbosiero K L, Vollaro D 2011 Mon. Weather Rev. 139 175 Google Scholar
[9]	Boccippio D J, Koshak W J, Blakeslee R J 2002 J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 19 1318 Google Scholar
[10]	Koshak W J, Blakeslee R J, Bailey J C 2000 J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 17 279 Google Scholar
[11]	Molinari J, Moore P, Idone V 1999 Mon. Weather Rev. 127 520 Google Scholar
[12]	潘伦湘, 郄秀书 2010 大气科学 34 1088 Google Scholar Pan L X, Qie X S 2010 Chinese J. Atmos. Sci. 34 1088 Google Scholar
[13]	潘伦湘, 郄秀书, 刘冬霞, 王东方, 杨静 2010 中国科学: 地球科学 40 252 Google Scholar Pan L X, Qie X S, Liu D X, Wang D H, Yang J 2010 Scientia Sinica 40 252 Google Scholar
[14]	张文娟 2013 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学) Zhang W J 2013 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[15]	DeMaria M, DeMaria R T, Knaff J A, Molenar D 2012 Mon. Weather Rev. 140 1828 Google Scholar
[16]	Molinari J, Moore P K, Idone V P, Henderson R W, Saljoughy A B 1994 J. Geophys. Res. 99 16665 Google Scholar
[17]	Stevenson S N, Corbosiero K L, Abarca S F 2016 Mon. Weather Rev. 144 225 Google Scholar
[18]	Lyons W A, Keen C S 1994 Mon. Weather Rev. 122 1897 Google Scholar
[19]	Fierro A O, Leslie L, Mansell E, Straka J, MacGorman D, Ziegler C 2007 Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 98 13 Google Scholar
[20]	Price C, Asfur M, Yair Y 2009 Nat. Geosci. 2 329 Google Scholar
[21]	Xu W X, Rutledge S A, Zhang W J 2017 J. Geophys. Res. 122 7047 Google Scholar
[22]	Fierro A O, Shao X M, Hamlin T, Reisner J M, Harlin J 2011 Mon. Weather Rev. 139 1492 Google Scholar
[23]	Samsury C E, Orvilla R E 1994 Mon. Weather Rev. 122 1887 Google Scholar
[24]	Altaratz O, Reisin T, Levin Z 2005 J. Geophys. Res. 110 D20205 Google Scholar
[25]	李万莉, 刘冬霞, 郄秀书, 傅慎明, 段树, 陈羿辰 2012 物理学报 61 059202 Google Scholar Li W L, Liu D X, Qie X S, Fu S M, Duan S, Chen Y C 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 059202 Google Scholar
[26]	刘冬霞 2010 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院研究生院) Liu D X 2010 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Science) (in Chinese)
[27]	黄丽萍, 管兆勇, 陈德辉, 马明 2008 大气科学 32 1341 Google Scholar Huang L P, Guan Z Y, Chen D H, Ma M 2008 Chinese J. Atmos. Sci. 32 1341 Google Scholar
[28]	Saunders C P R, Peck S L 1998 J. Geophys. Res. 103 13949 Google Scholar
[29]	Brooks I M, Saunders C P R, Mitzeva R P, Peck S L 1997 Atmos. Res. 43 277 Google Scholar
[30]	Ziegler C L, MacGorman D R, Dye J E, Ray P S 1991 J. Geophys. Res. 96 12833 Google Scholar
[31]	Mansell E R, MacGorman D R, Ziegler C L, Straka J M 2002 J. Geophys. Res. 107 ACL 2
[32]	Fierro A O, Reisner J M 2011 J. Atmos. Sci. 68 477 Google Scholar
[33]	Black R A, Hallet J 1986 J. Atmos. Sci. 43 802 Google Scholar
[34]	Xu L T, Zhang Y J, Wang F, Zheng D 2014 J. Meteorol. Res. 28 453 Google Scholar
[35]	赵中阔, 郄秀书, 张广庶, 张廷龙, 张彤, 郭凤霞, 窦志强 2008 高原气象 27 881 Zhao Z K, Qie X S, Zhang G S, Zhang T L, Zhang T, Guo F X, Dou Z Q 2008 Plateau. Meteor. 27 881
[36]	周诗健, 任丽新, 陈立祥 1965 地球物理学报 14 20 Zhou S J, Ren L X, Chen L X 1965 Chinese J. Geophys. 14 20
[37]	Zhang W J, Zhang Y J, Zheng D, Wang F, Xu L T 2015 J. Geophys. Res. 120 4072 Google Scholar
[38]	Zhang T L, Yu H, Zhou F C, Chen J, Zhang M H 2018 Ann. Geophys. 36 979 Google Scholar
[39]	Marshall T C, Rust W D 1991 J. Geophys. Res. 96 22297 Google Scholar
[40]	Winn W P, Moore C B, Holmes C R 1981 J. Geophys. Res. 86 1187 Google Scholar
[41]	Stolzenburg M, Rust W D, Marshall T C 1998 J. Geophys. Res. 103 14097 Google Scholar
[42]	Takahashi T 1978 J. Atmos. Sci. 35 1536 Google Scholar
[43]	Jayaratne E R, Saunders C P R, Hallett J 1983 Q. J. R. Meteorolog. Soc. 109 609 Google Scholar
[44]	Stolzenburg M, Marshall T C, Krehbiel P R 2010 J. Geophys. Res. 115 D19202 Google Scholar
[45]	Simpson G, Scrase F J 1937 Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 161 309 Google Scholar
[46]	Simpson G, Robinson G D 1941 Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 177 281 Google Scholar
[47]	Marshall T C, Stolzenburg M, Krehbiel P R, Lund N R, Maggio C R 2009 J. Geophys. Res. 114 D02209
[48]	Zhang T L, Zhao Z K, Zhao Y, Wei C X, Yu H, Zhou F C 2015 Atmos. Res. 164-165 188 Google Scholar
[49]	Byrne G J, Few A A, Weber E E 1983 Geophys. Res. Lett. 10 39 Google Scholar
[50]	Williams E R 1989 J. Geophys. Res. 94 13151 Google Scholar
[51]	Dye J E, Willett J C 2007 Mon. Weather Rev. 135 3362 Google Scholar
[52]	Saunders C P R, Keith W D, Mitzeva R P 1991 J. Geophys. Res. 96 11007 Google Scholar
[53]	Aufdermauer A N, Johnson D A 1972 Q. J. R. Meteorolog. Soc. 98 369 Google Scholar
[54]	徐良韬, 张义军, 王飞, 郑栋 2012 大气科学 36 1041 Google Scholar Xu L T, Zhang Y J, Wang F, Zheng D 2012 Chinese J. Atmos. Sci. 36 1041 Google Scholar
[55]	Pereyra R G, Avila E E, Castellano N E, Saunders C P R 2000 J. Geophys. Res. 105 20803 Google Scholar
[56]	Ziegler C L, MacGorman D R, Dye J E, Ray P S 1991 96 12833
[57]	徐良韬, 张义军, 张文娟, 王飞, 郑栋 2016 气象学报 74 1002 Xu L T, Zhang Y J, Zhang W J, Wang F, Zheng D 2016 Acta Meteorol. Sin. 74 1002

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Vol. 70, Issue 13 - 2021-07-05

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