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The influence of high-order effects on the stability of the optical soliton in a semiconductor three-quantum-dot molecular system under the excitation of narrow pulse probe light is analyzed analytically by using the multi-scale method. The results show that optical soliton described by the standard nonlinear Schrödinger equation will have a large attenuation in the propagation process, while the optical soliton described by the high-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation has relatively good stability. In addition, numerical simulations of the interaction between optical solitons show that the amplitudes of the two optical solitons described by the standard nonlinear Schrödinger equation attenuate rapidly after the collisions and radiation of more serious dispersion waves, while the shapes of the two optical solitons described by the high-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation hardly changes after the collision. This is mainly because when the incident probe light pulse is narrow enough, the system must be described by a higher-order equation. The physical reason is that the higher-order effects in the equation, including non-instantaneous effects and third-order dispersion effects, cannot be ignored or treated as perturbations. This kind of stable optical soliton has potential application value for future optical information processing and transmission technology.
[1] Chen S M, Tang M C, Wu J, Jiang Q, Dorogan V G, Benamara M, Mazur Y I, Salamo G J, Seeds A J, Liu H 2014 Elecctron. Lett. 50 1467Google Scholar
[2] Sun D, Zhang H J, Sun, H, Li X W, Wang G Y 2018 Phys. Lett. A 10 036
[3] Wang Y, Ding J W, Wang D L 2020 Eur. Phys. J. D 74 190Google Scholar
[4] Peng Y D, Yang A H, Li D H, Zhang H G, Niu Y P, Gong S Q 2014 Laser Phys. Lett. 11 065201Google Scholar
[5] Zeng K H, Wang D L, She Y C, Luo X Q 2013 Eur. Phys. J. D 67 221Google Scholar
[6] Li B, Qi Y H, Niu Y P, Gong S Q 2017 J. Nonlinear Optic. Phys. Mat. 26 1750054Google Scholar
[7] Chen Y, Bai Z Y, Huang G X 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89 023835Google Scholar
[8] Li Z D, Wang Y Y, He P B 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 010504Google Scholar
[9] Si L G, Yang W X, Lu X Y, Hao X Y, Yang X X 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 013836Google Scholar
[10] Tian S C, Wan R G, Tong C Z, Ning Y Q, Qin L, Liu Y 2014 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 31 1436
[11] 唐宏, 王登龙, 张蔚曦, 丁建文, 肖思国 2017 物理学报 66 034202Google Scholar
Tang H, Wang D L, Zhang W X, Ding J W, Xiao S G 2017 Acta. Phys. Sin. 66 034202Google Scholar
[12] 杨璇, 王胤, 王登龙, 丁建文 2020 物理学报 69 174203Google Scholar
Yang X, Wang Y, Wang D L, Ding J W 2020 Acta. Phys. Sin. 69 174203Google Scholar
[13] Yang W X, Chen A, Lee R, Wu Y 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 013835Google Scholar
[14] Mahmoudi M, Sahrai M 2009 Phys. E 41 1772Google Scholar
[15] She Y C, Zheng X J, Wang D L, Zhang W X 2013 Opt. Express 21 17392Google Scholar
[16] Hao X Y, Liu J B, Lu X Y, Song P J, Si L G 2009 Commun. Theor. Phys. 51 519Google Scholar
[17] Zhu C J, Huang G X 2011 Opt. Express 19 1963Google Scholar
[18] Fewo S I, Ngabireng C M, Kofane T C 2008 Phys Soc. Japan 77 074401Google Scholar
[19] Zhang S, Yi L 2008 Phys. Rev. E 78 026602Google Scholar
[20] Boardman A D, King N, Mitchell-Thomas R C, Malnev V N, Rapoport Y G 2008 Metamaterials 2 145Google Scholar
[21] Boardman A D, Mitchell-Thomas R C, King N J, Rapoport Y G 2010 Opt. Commun. 283 1585Google Scholar
[22] Boardman A D, Hess O, Mitchell-Thomas R C, Rapoport Y G, Velasco L 2010 Photon. Nanostruct. 8 228Google Scholar
[23] Zhu C J, Huang G X 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 235408Google Scholar
[24] Hang C, Huang G X, Deng L 2006 Phys. Rev. E 73 036607Google Scholar
[25] Mani Bhupeshwaran, Jawahar A, Radha S, Chitra K, Sivasubramanian A 2016 Photon. Netw. Commun. 32 73Google Scholar
[26] Liu L, Tian B, Chai J, Chai H P 2017 Laser Phys. 27 075402Google Scholar
[27] Borges H S, Sanz L, Villas-Bôas J M, Diniz Neto O O, Alcalde A M 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 115425Google Scholar
[28] Berney J, Portella-Oberli M T, Deveaud B 2008 Phys. Rev. B 77 121301Google Scholar
[29] Bracker A S, Scheibner M, Doty M F, Stinaff E A, Ponomarev I V, Kim J C, Whitman L J, Reinecke T L, Gammon D 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 233110Google Scholar
[30] Hsieh C Y, Shim Y P, Korkusinski M, Hawrylak P 2012 Rep. Prog. Phys. 75 114501Google Scholar
[31] Luo X Q, Li Z Z, Jing J, Xiong W, Li T F, Yu T 2018 Sci. Rep. 8 3107Google Scholar
[32] Wu Y, Deng L 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 143904Google Scholar
[33] Wang W, Bu L, Cheng D, Ye Y, Chen S, Baronio F 2021 OSA Continuum 4 1488Google Scholar
[34] Li L, Huang G X 2010 Eur. Phys. J. D 58 339Google Scholar
[35] Liu J Y, Hang C, Huang G X 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 063836Google Scholar
[36] Luo X Q, Wang D L, Zhang Z Q, Ding J W, Liu W M 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 033803Google Scholar
[37] Gammon D, Snow E S, Shanabrook B V, Katzer D S, Park D 1996 Science 273 5271
[38] B N, Fei J Y, Li D F, Zhong X, Wang D, Wang H H, Bao Q Q 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 034204Google Scholar
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图 1 (a) TQD有效激子能级示意图; (b)相应能级结构图.
${{\varGamma} }_{m1}(m=2, 3, 4)$ 表示退相干通道,$ {\omega _{4 n}}(n = 1, 2, 3) $ 表示能级差,${\varDelta _{\text{p}}} = {\omega _{\text{p}}} - {\omega _{{\text{41}}}}$ 为探测场与能级差$ {\omega _{{\text{41}}}} $ 的频率失谐量.Figure 1. (a) Energy level diagram of TQD effective exciton; (b) corresponding energy level structure diagram.
${\varGamma }_{m1} $ $ (m=2, 3, 4)$ represents the decoherent channel,${\omega _{4 n}}\left(\right.n = $ $ 1, 2, 3\left.\right)$ represents the energy level difference,${\varDelta _{\text{p}}} = {\omega _{\text{p}}} - $ $ {\omega _{{\text{41}}}}$ is the frequency detuning between the probe laser field and the energy level difference.图 2 方程(10)相关系数虚部与实部的比值随
${{{\varDelta _{\text{p}}}}/{{\varGamma _4}}}$ 的变化关系 (a)$ {{{K_{{\text{2 i}}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{K_{{\text{2 i}}}}} {{K_{2{\text{r}}}}}}} \right. } {{K_{2{\text{r}}}}}} $ ; (b)$ {{{K_{{\text{3 i}}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{K_{{\text{3 i}}}}} {{K_{{\text{3 r}}}}}}} \right. } {{K_{{\text{3 r}}}}}} $ ; (c)$ {{{W_{\text{i}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{W_{\text{i}}}} {{W_{\text{r}}}}}} \right. } {{W_{\text{r}}}}} $ ; (d)$ {{{\beta _{{\text{1 i}}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\beta _{{\text{1 i}}}}} {{\beta _{{\text{1 r}}}}}}} \right. } {{\beta _{{\text{1 r}}}}}} $ ; (e)$ {{{\beta _{{\text{2 i}}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\beta _{{\text{2 i}}}}} {{\beta _{{\text{2 r}}}}}}} \right. } {{\beta _{{\text{2 r}}}}}} $ Figure 2. The ratio of the imaginary part and the real part of the correlation coefficient of equation (10) as a function of
${{{\varDelta _{\text{p}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\Delta _{\text{p}}}} {{\Gamma _4}}}} \right. } {{\varGamma _4}}}$ : (a)$ {{{K_{{\text{2 i}}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{K_{{\text{2 i}}}}} {{K_{2{\text{r}}}}}}} \right. } {{K_{2{\text{r}}}}}} $ ; (b)$ {{{K_{{\text{3 i}}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{K_{{\text{3 i}}}}} {{K_{{\text{3 r}}}}}}} \right. } {{K_{{\text{3 r}}}}}} $ ; (c)$ {{{W_{\text{i}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{W_{\text{i}}}} {{W_{\text{r}}}}}} \right. } {{W_{\text{r}}}}} $ ; (d)$ {{{\beta _{{\text{1 i}}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\beta _{{\text{1 i}}}}} {{\beta _{{\text{1 r}}}}}}} \right. } {{\beta _{{\text{1 r}}}}}} $ ; (e)$ {{{\beta _{{\text{2 i}}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\beta _{{\text{2 i}}}}} {{\beta _{{\text{2 r}}}}}}} \right. } {{\beta _{{\text{2 r}}}}}} $ .图 3 (a)方程(14)作为初始条件的数值演化结果; (b)方程(15)作为初始条件的数值演化结果. 波形给出的演化距离为1个单位长度(虚线)和2个单位长度(点虚线), 取
$ {\tau _0} = 5 \times {10^{ - 13}}\;{\text{s}} $ ,$ \beta = 0.5 $ ,$\varPhi = {\text{0}}$ , 其他参数与图2相同Figure 3. (a) Numerical evolution result using equation (14) as the initial condition; (b) numerical evolution result using equation (15) as the initial condition. The evolution distance given by the soliton waveform is 1 unit length (dotted line) and 2 unit lengths (dotted dotted line), and the parameters used are
$ {\tau _0} = 5 \times {10^{ - 13}}\;{\text{s}} $ ,$ \beta = 0.5 $ ,$\varPhi = {\text{0}}$ , other parameters used are the same as Fig. 2图 4 相邻孤子间的相互作用 (a)方程(16a)作为初始条件的数值演化结果; (b)方程(16b)作为初始条件的数值演化结果. 除
$ {\theta _1} = {\theta _2} = 0 $ 外, 其他参数与图2相同Figure 4. Interaction between adjacent optical solitons: (a) Numerical evolution result using equation (16a) as the initial condition; (b) numerical evolution result using equation (16b) as the initial condition. Except for
$ {\theta _1} = {\theta _2} = 0 $ , the other parameters are the same as in Fig. 2 -
[1] Chen S M, Tang M C, Wu J, Jiang Q, Dorogan V G, Benamara M, Mazur Y I, Salamo G J, Seeds A J, Liu H 2014 Elecctron. Lett. 50 1467Google Scholar
[2] Sun D, Zhang H J, Sun, H, Li X W, Wang G Y 2018 Phys. Lett. A 10 036
[3] Wang Y, Ding J W, Wang D L 2020 Eur. Phys. J. D 74 190Google Scholar
[4] Peng Y D, Yang A H, Li D H, Zhang H G, Niu Y P, Gong S Q 2014 Laser Phys. Lett. 11 065201Google Scholar
[5] Zeng K H, Wang D L, She Y C, Luo X Q 2013 Eur. Phys. J. D 67 221Google Scholar
[6] Li B, Qi Y H, Niu Y P, Gong S Q 2017 J. Nonlinear Optic. Phys. Mat. 26 1750054Google Scholar
[7] Chen Y, Bai Z Y, Huang G X 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89 023835Google Scholar
[8] Li Z D, Wang Y Y, He P B 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 010504Google Scholar
[9] Si L G, Yang W X, Lu X Y, Hao X Y, Yang X X 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 013836Google Scholar
[10] Tian S C, Wan R G, Tong C Z, Ning Y Q, Qin L, Liu Y 2014 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 31 1436
[11] 唐宏, 王登龙, 张蔚曦, 丁建文, 肖思国 2017 物理学报 66 034202Google Scholar
Tang H, Wang D L, Zhang W X, Ding J W, Xiao S G 2017 Acta. Phys. Sin. 66 034202Google Scholar
[12] 杨璇, 王胤, 王登龙, 丁建文 2020 物理学报 69 174203Google Scholar
Yang X, Wang Y, Wang D L, Ding J W 2020 Acta. Phys. Sin. 69 174203Google Scholar
[13] Yang W X, Chen A, Lee R, Wu Y 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 013835Google Scholar
[14] Mahmoudi M, Sahrai M 2009 Phys. E 41 1772Google Scholar
[15] She Y C, Zheng X J, Wang D L, Zhang W X 2013 Opt. Express 21 17392Google Scholar
[16] Hao X Y, Liu J B, Lu X Y, Song P J, Si L G 2009 Commun. Theor. Phys. 51 519Google Scholar
[17] Zhu C J, Huang G X 2011 Opt. Express 19 1963Google Scholar
[18] Fewo S I, Ngabireng C M, Kofane T C 2008 Phys Soc. Japan 77 074401Google Scholar
[19] Zhang S, Yi L 2008 Phys. Rev. E 78 026602Google Scholar
[20] Boardman A D, King N, Mitchell-Thomas R C, Malnev V N, Rapoport Y G 2008 Metamaterials 2 145Google Scholar
[21] Boardman A D, Mitchell-Thomas R C, King N J, Rapoport Y G 2010 Opt. Commun. 283 1585Google Scholar
[22] Boardman A D, Hess O, Mitchell-Thomas R C, Rapoport Y G, Velasco L 2010 Photon. Nanostruct. 8 228Google Scholar
[23] Zhu C J, Huang G X 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 235408Google Scholar
[24] Hang C, Huang G X, Deng L 2006 Phys. Rev. E 73 036607Google Scholar
[25] Mani Bhupeshwaran, Jawahar A, Radha S, Chitra K, Sivasubramanian A 2016 Photon. Netw. Commun. 32 73Google Scholar
[26] Liu L, Tian B, Chai J, Chai H P 2017 Laser Phys. 27 075402Google Scholar
[27] Borges H S, Sanz L, Villas-Bôas J M, Diniz Neto O O, Alcalde A M 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 115425Google Scholar
[28] Berney J, Portella-Oberli M T, Deveaud B 2008 Phys. Rev. B 77 121301Google Scholar
[29] Bracker A S, Scheibner M, Doty M F, Stinaff E A, Ponomarev I V, Kim J C, Whitman L J, Reinecke T L, Gammon D 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 233110Google Scholar
[30] Hsieh C Y, Shim Y P, Korkusinski M, Hawrylak P 2012 Rep. Prog. Phys. 75 114501Google Scholar
[31] Luo X Q, Li Z Z, Jing J, Xiong W, Li T F, Yu T 2018 Sci. Rep. 8 3107Google Scholar
[32] Wu Y, Deng L 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 143904Google Scholar
[33] Wang W, Bu L, Cheng D, Ye Y, Chen S, Baronio F 2021 OSA Continuum 4 1488Google Scholar
[34] Li L, Huang G X 2010 Eur. Phys. J. D 58 339Google Scholar
[35] Liu J Y, Hang C, Huang G X 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 063836Google Scholar
[36] Luo X Q, Wang D L, Zhang Z Q, Ding J W, Liu W M 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 033803Google Scholar
[37] Gammon D, Snow E S, Shanabrook B V, Katzer D S, Park D 1996 Science 273 5271
[38] B N, Fei J Y, Li D F, Zhong X, Wang D, Wang H H, Bao Q Q 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 034204Google Scholar
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