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Carbon nanotube-based field-effect transistors (CNFETs), as a new generation of nanodevices, are still difficult to apply to actual logic circuits due to the lack of a mature threshold voltage control mechanism. Here in this work, a feasible and large-scale processing surface doping method is demonstrated to effectively modulate the threshold voltage of CNFETs through the p-type doping effect of gold chloride (AuCl3). A comprehensive mapping from electrical parameters (Ion/Ioff, Vth and mobility) to doping concentration is carefully investigated, demonstrating a p-doping effect induced by surface charge transfer between Au3+ and carbon nanotube networks (CNTs). Threshold voltage of CNFETs can be effectively adjusted by varying the doping concentration. More importantly, the devices doped with low concentration AuCl3 exhibit good electrical properties including greatly improved electrical conductivity, 2–3 times higher in mobility than intrinsic carbon nanotubes. Furthermore, the effects of annealing on the electrical properties of the AuCl3-doping CNFETs are studied, demonstrating that the p-type doping effect reaches the optimized state at a temperature of 50 °C. Finally, first-principles calculation method is used to verify the doping control mechanism of Au3+ to carbon nanotubes. This research provides important guidance for realizing large-area low-power logic circuits and high-performance electronic devices in the future.
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Keywords:
- carbon nanotube networks /
- surface doping /
- threshold voltage modulation /
- density functional theory
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图 1 AuCl3掺杂碳纳米管器件的结构示意图
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the AuCl3-doped CNFET device.
图 2 AuCl3掺杂碳纳米管的表面形貌及元素分析 (a) OM图; (b) AFM图; (c) SEM图; (d) EDS图谱
Figure 2. (a) Optical image of the CNFET device; (b) AFM image; (c) SEM image of AuCl3-doping CNT; (d) energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mappings of the Au element.
图 3 掺杂前后碳纳米管晶体管转移特性曲线以及掺杂后晶体管的输出特性曲线
Figure 3. (a) Transfer curves (Ids-Vg) of pristine and AuCl3-doping CNFET; (b) output curves (Ids-Vds) of the AuCl3-doping CNFET.
图 4 (a) 不同掺杂浓度下碳纳米管的拉曼光谱; (b) 不同掺杂浓度下碳纳米管晶体管的转移特性曲线, 漏源电压Vds被固定在–1 V; (c) 阈值电压随AuCl3浓度的变化曲线, 插图为从转移特性曲线中提取阈值电压的计算方式; (d) 开关比以及迁移率随AuCl3浓度的变化曲线
Figure 4. Modulation of the AuCl3 concentration on the electrical performance of CNFET: (a) Raman Spectra of the CNT under different doping concentrations; (b) the transfer curves (Ids-Vg) of a CNFET device with different doping concentrations, with the drain-source voltage fixed at –1 V; (c) threshold voltage value of the doped CNFET device as a function of AuCl3 concentration. The inset illustrates the calculation method of threshold voltage extracted from transfer curves; (d) ON/OFF current ratio (Ion/Ioff) and the field-effect mobility ratio (μratio = μdoped/μpristine) as a function of the doping concentrations.
图 5 (a) 开关比以及迁移率随退火温度的变化曲线; (b) 迁移率的比值随退火温度的变化
Figure 5. (a) ON/OFF current ratio (Ion/Ioff) and threshold voltage value as a function of annealing temperature; (b) field-effect mobility ratio (μratio = μdoped/μpristine) as a function of annealing temperature.
图 6 (a), (b) 碳纳米管与金/碳纳米管的晶胞结构; (c) 金/碳纳米管的二次差分密度图; (d) (10, 0)碳纳米管的能带结构图, 虚线为费米能级; (e) 金/碳纳米管系统的能带结构和投影能带, 灰色气泡为每个k点处碳元素的权重, 橙色气泡则为金元素对应的权重; (f) 金/碳纳米管系统的态密度和投影态密度, 黑色实线为总态密度, 灰色实线为投影到碳元素的态密度, 橙色实线为投影到金元素的态密度
Figure 6. (a) (b) Crystal structures of CNT and Au/CNT are presented in; (c) Au/CNT difference charge density plot; (d) band structure of (10, 0) CNT, with dash line the Fermi energy; (e) band structure and projected band structure of each element, with solid line the total bands, gray bubble the projected weights of C, orange bubble the projected weights of Au; (f) total DOS and projected DOS, with black solid line the total DOS, gray solid line PDOS of C, orange solid line PDOS of Au.
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[1] Waldrop M 2016 Nature 530 144
Google Scholar
[2] Markov I 2014 Nature 512 147
Google Scholar
[3] Wang H M, He M S, Zhang Y Y 2019 Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 35 1207
Google Scholar
[4] Feng P, Xu W W, Yang Y, Wan X, Shi Y, Wan Q, Zhao J W, Cui Z 2017 Adv. Funct. Mater. 27 1604447
Google Scholar
[5] Esqueda I, Yan X D, Rutherglen C, Kane A, Cain T, Marsh P, Liu Q Z, Galatsis K, Wang H, Zhou C W 2018 ACS Nano 12 7352
Google Scholar
[6] Dai S L, Zhao Y W, Wang Y, Zhang J Y, Fang L, Jin S, Shao Y L, Huang J 2019 Adv. Funct. Mater. 29 1903700
Google Scholar
[7] Zhong D L, Zhao C Y, Liu L J, Zhang Z Y, Peng L 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 112 153109
Google Scholar
[8] Kawanago T, Oda S 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 133507
Google Scholar
[9] Lee H, Kim J, Lee C 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 222105
Google Scholar
[10] Lee H, Shin J, Jeon P, Lee J, Kim J, Hwang H, Park E, Yoon W, Ju S, Im S 2015 Small 11 2132
Google Scholar
[11] Zschieschang U, Holzmann T, Kuhn A, Aghamohammadi M, Lotsch B V, Klauk H 2015 J. Appl. Phys. 117 104509
Google Scholar
[12] Choi H C, Shim M, Bangsaruntip S, Dai H 2002 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 9057
Google Scholar
[13] Shin N, Zessin J, Lee M H, Hambsch M, Mannsfeld S C B 2018 Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 1802265
Google Scholar
[14] Kharlamova M V, Kramberger C, Saito T, Sato Y, Suenaga K, Pichler T, Shiozawa H 2017 Nanoscale 9 7998
Google Scholar
[15] 张华林, 何鑫, 张振华 2021 物理学报 70 056101
Google Scholar
Zhang H L, He X, Zhang Z H 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 056101
Google Scholar
[16] Shin D H, Kim J M, Jang C W, Kim J H, Kim S, Choi S H 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 064305
Google Scholar
[17] Choi D C, Kim M, Song Y J, Hussain S, Song W S, An K S, Jung J 2018 Appl. Surf. Sci. 427 48
Google Scholar
[18] Kim K K, Reina A, Shi Y, Park H, Li L J, Lee Y H, Kong J 2010 Nanotechnology 21 285205
Google Scholar
[19] 王苏杰, 李树强, 吴小明, 陈芳, 江风益 2020 物理学报 69 048103
Google Scholar
Wang S J, Li S Q, Wu X M, Chen F, Jiang F Y 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 048103
Google Scholar
[20] Kim S M, Kim K K, Jo Y W, Park M H, Chae S J, Duong D L, Yang C W, Kong J, Lee Y H 2011 ACS Nano 5 1236
Google Scholar
[21] Xu J L, Dai R X, Xin Y, Sun Y L, Li X, Yu Y X, Xiang L, Xie D, Wang S D, Ren T L 2017 Sci. Rep. 76 751
Google Scholar
[22] Yoon S M, Kim U J, Benayad A, Lee I H, Son H, Shin H J, Choi W M, LeeY H, Jin Y W, Lee E H, Lee S Y, Choi J Y, Kim J M 2011 ACS Nano 5 1352
Google Scholar
[23] 张辉, 蔡晓明, 郝振亮, 阮子林, 卢建臣, 蔡金明 2017 物理学报 66 218103
Google Scholar
Zhang H, Cai X M, Hao Z L, Ruan Z L, Lu J C, Cai J M 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 218103
Google Scholar
[24] Perdew J P, Burke K, Ernzerhof M 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 891
Google Scholar
[25] Perdew J P, Burke K, Ernzerhof M 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 3865
Google Scholar
[26] Kresse G, Joubert D 1999 Phys. Lett. B 59 1758
Google Scholar
[27] Blöchl P E 1994 Phys. Lett. B 50 17953
Google Scholar
[28] Monkhorst H J, Pack J D 1976 Phys. Lett. B 13 5188
Google Scholar
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