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To meet the increasing demand of integrated photonic device design, a LiNbO3/Na surface plasmonic waveguide (LNSPW) is demonstrated, and a directional coupler (DC) based on the LNSPW is also studied. The mode characteristics of the LNSPW and the coupling performances of the DC are simulated by the finite element method (FEM). There are four modes in the LNSPW when its width (w1) and the thickness (h1) are less than 600 nm and 400 nm, respectively. The number of the modes in the LNSPW increases with waveguide size increasing. To achieve the single-mode propagation, w1 and h1 are chosen to be 300 nm and 200 nm, respectively. The effective refractive index (neff), propagation length (Lp), and normalized effective mode area (Aeff/A0) are analyzed with different dimensional parameters of the LNSPW. The value of Lp is ~200 μm, and Aeff/A0 is less than 0.4. In order to demonstrate the electro-optic tunable performance, the normalized output power (Pnorm) values of the DC are calculated based on the LNSPWs with different values of coupling interval (Wgap), coupling length (LC), and operating wavlength (λ). The Pnorm values of the output ports (port 2 and port 3) vary with Wgap and LC. Owing to the electro-optic effect of LiNbO3 (LN), Pnorm of the DC can be adjusted by changing the applied electrostatic voltage (V0). The influence of V0 on Pnorm increases when Wgap is larger than 100 nm and LC is greater than 12 μm. The larger the value of LC and Wgap, the stronger the effect of V0 on Pnorm is, but Pnorm values from two output ports decrease with Wgap and LC increasing. A 3 dB coupler can be achieved by changing V0 to 53 V when Wgap = ~100 nm, LC = ~17 μm, and λ = 1.55 μm, and has good directivity and isolation. The LNSPW provides a feasible scheme to realize the tunable DC, and has potential applications in integratable electro-optic tuanble devices, nonlinear optics, optical signal processing, and optical holographic storage.
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Keywords:
- LiNbO3 waveguide /
- electro-optical device /
- surface plasmonic /
- directional coupler
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图 1 (a) x-y平面内的LNSPW截面图; (b) 电势分布图, V0 = 100 V
Figure 1. (a) Cross section of the LNSPW in the x-y plane; (b) potential distribution as V0 = 100 V.
图 2 (a) 不同λ时, Na的折射率实部Re(nNa)和虚部Im(nNa). 模场分布图 (b) 基模(FM); (c) 二阶模(SM); (d) 三阶模(TM); (e) 类传导模(GM). (f)FM沿y轴的模场分布
Figure 2. (a) Re(nNa) and Im(nNa) of Na with different λ. Mode field distributions of the (b) FM, (c) SM, (d) TM and (e) GM; (f) mode field distribution of the FM along y axis.
图 3 Re(neff)随不同w1和h1的变化规律 (a) h1 = 100 nm; (b) h1 = 200 nm; (c) h1 = 300 nm; (d) h1 = 400 nm
Figure 3. Re(neff) as functions of w1 and h1: (a) h1 = 100 nm; (b) h1 = 200 nm; (c) h1 = 300 nm; (d) h1 = 400 nm.
图 4 LP随w1和h1的变化规律 (a) h1 = 100 nm; (b) h1 = 200 nm; (c) h1 = 300 nm; (d) h1 = 400 nm
Figure 4. LP with different w1 and h1: (a) h1 = 100 nm; (b) h1 = 200 nm; (c) h1 = 300 nm; (d) h1 = 400 nm.
图 5 Aeff/A0随w1和h1的变化规律 (a) h1 = 100 nm; (b) h1 = 200 nm; (c) h1 = 300 nm; (d) h1 = 400 nm
Figure 5. Influences of w1 and h1 on Aeff/A0: (a) h1 = 100 nm; (b) h1 = 200 nm; (c) h1 = 300 nm; (d) h1 = 400 nm.
图 6 (a) LNSPW构成的电光可调DC示意图; (b) DC x-y截面; (c) DC x-z截面
Figure 6. (a) Schematic of the electro-optic tunable DC based on the LNSPW: (b) DC cross section in x-y plane; (c) DC cross section in x-z plane.
图 7 (a) LNSPW构成的DC端口2和端口3的Pnorm随LC和V0的变化图; (b) LC = 17 μm时, 端口2和端口3的Pnorm
Figure 7. Pnorm of the Port 2 and Port 3 in the DC based on the LNSPW (a) with different LC and V0, and (b) with different V0 as LC = 17 μm.
图 8 LNSPW构成的DC的电场分布图 (a) V0 = 0 V; (b) V0 = 53 V; (c) V0 = 90 V
Figure 8. Mode field distributions of the DC based on the LNSPW: (a) V0 = 0 V; (b) V0 = 53 V; (c) V0 = 90 V.
图 9 不同LC和V0时, Wgap对Pnorm的影响 (a) LC = 5.3 μm; (b) LC = 12 μm; (c) LC = 17 μm
Figure 9. Pnorm as a function of Wgap with different LC and V0: (a) LC = 5.3 μm; (b) LC = 12 μm; (c) LC = 17 μm.
图 10 不同λ时, Pnorm随(a) LC和(b) Wgap的变化
Figure 10. Pnorm as functions of (a) LC and (b) Wgap with different λ.
图 11 V0定向耦合的性能指标的影响 (a) SR和IL; (b) LTHP, LTP, LDI和LIS
Figure 11. Influences of V0 on the performances of the DC based on the LNSPW: (a) SR and IL; (b) LTHP, LTP, LDI, and LIS.
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[1] Zhang Q, Li M, Xu J, Lin Z J, Yu H F, Wang M, Fang Z W, Cheng Y, Gong Q H, Li Y 2019 Photonics Res. 7 503
Google Scholar
[2] 刘时杰, 郑远林, 陈险峰 2021 光学学报 41 0823013
Google Scholar
Liu S J, Zheng Y L, Chen X F 2021 Acta Opt. Sin. 41 0823013
Google Scholar
[3] Wang C, Zhang M, Chen X, Bertrand M, Shams-Ansari A, Chandrasekhar S, Winzer P, Lončar M 2018 Nature 562 101
Google Scholar
[4] Kues M, Reimer C, Roztocki P, Cortés L R, Sciara S, Wetzel B, Zhang Y B, Cino A, Chu S T, Little B E, Moss D J, Caspani L, Azaña J, Morandotti R 2017 Nature 546 622
Google Scholar
[5] Janner D, Tulli D, García-Granda M, Belmonte M, Pruneri V 2009 Laser Photonics Rev. 3 301
Google Scholar
[6] 李庚霖, 贾曰辰, 陈峰 2020 物理学报 69 157801
Google Scholar
Li G L, Jia Y C, Chen F 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 157801
Google Scholar
[7] Poberaj G, Hu H, Sohler W, Günter P 2012 Laser Photonics Rev. 6 488
Google Scholar
[8] Levy M, Osgood R M, Liu R, Cross L E, Cargill G S, Kumar A, Bakhru H 1998 Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 2293
Google Scholar
[9] Wang C, Burek M J, Lin Z, Atikian H A, Venkataraman V, Huang I C, Stark P, Lončar M 2014 Opt. Express 22 30924
Google Scholar
[10] Zhang M, Wang C, Cheng R, Shams-Ansari A, Lončar M 2017 Optica 4 1536
Google Scholar
[11] Lin J T, Xu Y X, Fang Z W, Wang M, Wang N W, Qiao L L, Fang W, Cheng Y 2015 Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 58 114209
Google Scholar
[12] Wu R B, Zhang J H, Yao N, Fang W, Qiao L L, Chai Z F, Lin J T, Cheng Y 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 4116
Google Scholar
[13] 乔玲玲, 汪旻, 伍荣波, 方致伟, 林锦添, 储蔚, 程亚 2021 光学学报 41 0823012
Google Scholar
Qiao L L, Wang M, Wu R B, Fang Z W, Lin J T, Chu W, Cheng Y 2021 Acta Opt. Sin. 41 0823012
Google Scholar
[14] Wu R B, Wang M, Xu J, Qi J, Chu W, Fang Z W, Zhang J H, Zhou J X, Qiao L L, Chai Z F, Lin J T, Cheng Y 2018 Nanomaterials 8 910
Google Scholar
[15] Lin J T, Yao N, Hao Z Z, Zhang J H, Mao W B, Wang M, Chu W, Wu R B, Fang Z W, Qiao L L, Fang W, Bo F, Cheng Y 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 173903
Google Scholar
[16] Jia Y C, Wang L, Chen F 2021 Appl. Phys. Rev. 8 011307
Google Scholar
[17] Yang L K, Li P, Wang H C, Li Z P 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 094216
Google Scholar
[18] Boltasseva A, Atwater H A 2011 Science 331 290
Google Scholar
[19] Khurgin J B 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 2
Google Scholar
[20] Naik G V, Shalaev V M, Boltasseva A 2013 Adv. Mater. 25 3264
Google Scholar
[21] Prucha E J, Palik E D 1998 Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids II (London: Academic Press) p354
[22] Wang Y, Yu J Y, Mao Y F, Chen J, Wang S, Chen H Z, Zhang Y, Wang S Y, Chen X J, Li T, Zhou L, Ma R M, Zhu S N, Cai W S, Zhu J 2020 Nature 581 401
Google Scholar
[23] Tsilipakos O, Yioultsis T V, Kriezis E E 2009 J. Hazard Mater. 106 93109
[24] Jiang A Q, Geng W P, Lv P, Hong J W, Jiang J, Wang C, Chai X J, Lian J W, Zhang Y, Huang R, Zhang D W, Scott J F, Hwang C S 2020 Nat. Mater. 19 1188
Google Scholar
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