Application and development of liquid argon detector in rare event detection

Zheng Hao-Zhe; Liu Yuan-Yuan; Wang Li; Cheng Jian-Ping

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20222055

Abstract

Rare event detection is a frontier subject in particle physics and nuclear physics. In particular, dark matter detection, neutrino-free double beta decay and neutrino-nucleon coherent elastic scattering are being planned and implemented gradually. Rare event detection requires not only the detectors to possess excellent performances but also extremely low environmental background, so the selection of detectors and related materials is an important issue in rare event detection. Liquid argon has become an important scintillator material for scintillator detectors because of its low cost, good scintillation performance and large volume. Liquid argon was first studied in the 1940s as a sensitive material for ionizing radiation detectors. The first measurements of high-energy beta particles were obtained by using a liquid argon ionization chamber in 1953. The ICARUS group put forward the idea of constructing liquid argon temporal projection chamber, and made attempt to construct liquid argon temporal projection chamber in 1977. The scintillation light signals were collected for the first time in a liquid argon temporal projection chamber in 1999. Thus, the drift time of the particle can be obtained to determine the particle track. After development, single-phase liquid argon scintillator detector and two-phase argon time projection chamber have become two common types of liquid argon detectors, and have been extensively used in rare event detection experiments in recent years. For dark matter detection, the DEAP group and DarkSide group have achieved good results with single-phase liquid argon scintillation detector and two-phase argon time projection chamber, respectively. For neutrino-free double beta decay experiments, the GERDA group has done a lot of researches of liquid argon anti-coincidence system and applied the said system to experiments. The LEGEND group, which is the combination of GERDA and MAJORANA experimental group, upgraded the liquid argon anti-coincidence system which was applied to the following LEGEND-200 project. For neutrino-nucleon elastic scattering experiments, COHERENT obtained the latest results by using the liquid argon detectors. The Taishan neutrino-nucleon coherent elastic scattering project of the High Energy Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences has also begun to study the feasibility of liquid argon anti-coincidence system. Finally, this paper discusses the direction of optimizing the liquid argon detector, such as exposure, background level and optical readout scheme, and gives a good prospect of liquid argon detector applied to rare event detection in the future.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, Joint Laboratory of Jinping Ultra-low Radiation Background Measurement of Ministry of Ecology and Environment and Beijing Normal University, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2.
Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

Corresponding author: Liu Yuan-Yuan, yyliu@bnu.edu.cn ; Wang Li, wangl@bnu.edu.cn ;

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFA1604701) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 1222200227).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 激发态氩原子形成原理

Figure 1. Formation mechanism of excited argon.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 液氩闪烁光产生和收集过程示意图

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the generation and collection process of liquid argon scintillation.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 两相氩TPC装置示意图^[28]

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of double-phase argon TPC^[28].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 ⁶⁰Co源测试能谱^[45]

Figure 4. The energy spectrum of ⁶⁰Co source^[45].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 GERDAⅡ期实验装置图　(a) 锗探测器阵列和液氩反符合系统装置图^[46]; (b)实验整体装置图^[46]

Figure 5. GERDA phase Ⅱ experimental setup: (a) Diagram of germanium detector array and liquid argon veto system^[46]; (b) the overall setup^[46].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 GERDAⅡ期实验结果^[9]

Figure 6. Results of GERDA phaseⅡ experiment^[9]

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 稀有事例探测常用探测器类型对比

Table 1. Comparison of detector types in rare event detection.

	液态惰性气体探测器		高纯锗探测器	极低温量热器
	液氩探测器	液氙探测器	高纯锗探测器	极低温量热器
优势	成本低, 有粒子甄别能力, 探测效率高	有粒子甄别能力, 探测效率高	低阈值, 极高能量分辨率	高能量分辨率, 有粒子甄别能力
缺点	能量分辨率相对较低	成本较高, 能量分辨率相对低	成本较高, 探测器生产工艺复杂, 单个晶体质量增加困难	需要极低温环境 (mK量级)

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 液氩闪烁光特性^[24]

Table 2. Scintillation properties of liquid argon.

闪烁特性相关物理量	符号	数值
光产额/(光子·keV^–1)	Y	41±2
发光峰值波长/nm	λ_max	128
单态时间常数/ns	τ_s	6
三重态时间常数/μs	τ_t	1.59
β事件快慢成分比	I_s/I_t(e^–)	0.3
α事件快慢成分比	I_s/I_t(α)	1.3
裂变碎片事件快慢成分比	I_s/I_t(ff)	3

DownLoad: CSV

表 3 国内外液氩探测器相关实验组概况

Table 3. General situation of liquid argon detector related experimental groups at home and abroad.

实验组名称	稀有事例探测类型	探测器类型	液氩探测器质量	光读出	运行状态	主要特点
DEAP	暗物质	单相液氩闪烁体	3260 kg	PMT+光导	运行中	较早采用液氩为介质探测暗物质
WArP	暗物质	两相氩TPC	140 kg	PMT	已结束	最早尝试用TPC探测暗物质
DarkSide	暗物质	两相氩TPC	46.4 kg	PMT	运行中	地下氩、中子反符合
GERDA	0νββ	高纯锗探测器+单相液氩闪烁体(反符合)	1400 kg	SiPM+光纤/PMT	已结束	系统地研究液氩反符合系统并应用
LEGEND	0νββ	高纯锗探测器+单相液氩闪烁体(反符合)	—	SiPM+光纤	建设中	实验组合并, 新的读出方案研究
COHERENT	CEνNS	单相液氩闪烁体	79.5 kg	PMT	运行中	第一个尝试用液氩探测器探测CEνNS事例
Taishan	CEνNS	两相氩TPC+单相液氩闪烁体(反符合)	200 kg	PMT	建设中	尝试用液氩探测器作为CEνNS 事例的反符合系统

DownLoad: CSV

表 4 液氩探测器优化和升级

Table 4. Optimization and upgrade of liquid argon detector.

实验组名称	³⁹Ar本底抑制	其它本底抑制	氩纯度监测和稳定	光读出方案升级
DEAP	利用液氩的粒子甄别能力扣除	水切伦科夫探测器抑制μ子	氡捕集阱去除放射性杂质	—
DarkSide	地下氩生产技术应用	水切伦科夫探测器抑制μ子, 载硼或载钆液闪抑制中子	同时进行去除电负性杂质和氩同位素分离	SiPM低温稳定读出和紫外波段直接读出技术研究
GERDA	—	水切伦科夫探测器抑制μ子, 液氩探测器抑制其他本底	—	SiPM+光纤读出
LEGEND	地下氩生成技术研究	水切伦科夫探测器抑制μ子, 液氩探测器抑制其他本底	液氩纯度监测仪	SiPM+光纤双端读出
Taishan	地下氩生产技术研究	塑料闪烁体抑制μ子, 液氩探测器抑制其他本底	—	SiPM低温稳定读出技术研究

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Rubin V C, Ford Jr W K 1970 Astrophys. J. 159 379 Google Scholar
[2]	Furry W H 1939 Phys. Rev. 56 1184 Google Scholar
[3]	Freedman D Z 1974 Phys. Rev. D 9 1389 Google Scholar
[4]	Akerib D S, Akerlof C W, Akimov D Y, et al. 2020 Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res. , Sect. A 953 163047 Google Scholar
[5]	Amaudruz P A, Baldwin M, Batygov M, et al. 2019 Astropart. Phys. 108 1 Google Scholar
[6]	Aalseth C E, Barbeau P S, Bowden N S, et al. 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 131301 Google Scholar
[7]	Agnese R, Anderson A J, Aralis T, et al. 2018 Phys. Rev. D 97 022002 Google Scholar
[8]	Agnes P, Albuquerque I F M, Alexander T, et al. 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 081307 Google Scholar
[9]	Agostini M, Araujo G R, Bakalyarov A M, et al. 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 252502 Google Scholar
[10]	Akimov D, Albert J B, An P, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. D 100 115020 Google Scholar
[11]	Davidson N, Larsh J A E 1948 Phys. Rev. 74 220 Google Scholar
[12]	Marshall J H 1954 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 25 232 Google Scholar
[13]	Dolgoshein B A, Lebedenko V N, Rodionov B U 1970 JETP Lett. 11 351
[14]	Rubbia C 1977 https://cds.cern.ch/record/117852/files/CERN- EP-INT-77-8/[2022-10-27]
[15]	Bvnetti P, Bettini A, Calligarich E, et al. 1993 Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res. , Sect. A 332 395 Google Scholar
[16]	Cennini P, Cittolin S, Revol J P, et al. 1994 Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res. , Sect. A 345 230 Google Scholar
[17]	Kubota S, Hishida M, Nohara A 1978 Nucl. Instrum. Methods 150 561 Google Scholar
[18]	Cennini P, Revol J P, Rubbia C, et al. 1999 Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res. , Sect. A 432 240 Google Scholar
[19]	Ajaj R, Amaudruz P A, Araujo G R, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. D 100 022004 Google Scholar
[20]	Agnes P, Albuquerque I F M, Alexander T, et al. 2018 Phys. Rev. D 98 102006 Google Scholar
[21]	Suzuki M, Gen J R, Kubota S 1982 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. 192 565 Google Scholar
[22]	Doke T, Hitachi A, Kikuchi J, Masuda K, Okada H, Shibamura E 2002 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41 1538 Google Scholar
[23]	Hitachi A, Takahashi T, Funayama N, Masuda K, Kikuchi J, Doke T 1983 Phys. Rev. B 27 5279 Google Scholar
[24]	Peiffer J P 2007 Ph. D. Dissertation (Heidelberg: Ruperto-Carola University)
[25]	Acciarri R, Antonello M, Baibussinov B, et al. 2010 J. Instrum. 5 P06003 Google Scholar
[26]	Acciarri R, Antonello M, Baibussinov B, et al. 2010 J. Instrum. 5 P05003 Google Scholar
[27]	Calvo J, Cantini C, Crivelli P, et al. 2018 Astropart. Phys. 97 186 Google Scholar
[28]	Canci N 2020 J. Instrum. 15 C03026 Google Scholar
[29]	Zani A 2014 Adv. High. Energy Phys. 2014 1 Google Scholar
[30]	Amaudruz P A, Batygov M, Beltran B, et al. 2016 Astropart. Phys. 85 1 Google Scholar
[31]	Adhikari P, Ajaj R, Alpízar-Venegas M, et al. 2021 Eur. Phys. J. C 81 1 Google Scholar
[32]	Adhikari P, Ajaj R, Alpizar-Venegas M, et al. 2022 Phys. Rev. Lett. 128 011801 Google Scholar
[33]	Benetti P, Acciarri R, Belluco M, et al. 2011 Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Suppl. 221 53 Google Scholar
[34]	Alexander T, Alton D, Arisaka K, et al. 2013 Astropart. Phys. 49 44 Google Scholar
[35]	Agnes P, Alexander T, Alton A, et al. 2015 Phys. Lett. B 743 456 Google Scholar
[36]	Aalseth C E, Acerbi F, Agnes P, et al. 2018 Eur. Phys. J. Plus 133 1 Google Scholar
[37]	Rossi M 2021 Nuovo Cimento 44 1 Google Scholar
[38]	Carnesecchi F 2020 J. Instrum. 15 C03038 Google Scholar
[39]	Consiglio L 2020 J. Instrum. 15 C05063 Google Scholar
[40]	Majorana E 1937 Nuovo Cimento 14 171 Google Scholar
[41]	Abt I, Altmann M, Bakalyarov A, et al. 2004 arXiv: 0404.039v1 [hep-ex]
[42]	Simgen H 2005 Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Suppl. 143 567 Google Scholar
[43]	Orrell J L, Aalseth C E, Amsbaugh J F, Doe P J, Hossbach T W 2007 Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res., Sect. A 579 91 Google Scholar
[44]	Heider M B 2009 Ph. D. Dissertation (Heidelberg: Ruperto-Carola University)
[45]	Agostini M, Barnabé-Heider M, Budjáš D, et al. 2015 Eur. Phys. J. C 75 1 Google Scholar
[46]	Agostini M, Bakalyarov A M, Balata M, et al. 2018 Eur. Phys. J. C 78 1 Google Scholar
[47]	Agostini M, Allardt M, Bakalyarov A M, et al. 2017 Nature 544 47 Google Scholar
[48]	Hoppe E W, Aalseth C E, Farmer O T, Hossbach T W, Liezers M, Miley H S, Overman N R, Reeves J H 2014 Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res., Sect. A 764 116 Google Scholar
[49]	Schwarz M, Krause P, Leonhardt A, et al. 2021 EPJ Web Conf. 253 11014 Google Scholar
[50]	Efremenko Y, Fajt L, Febbraro M, et al. 2019 J. Instrum. 14 P07006 Google Scholar
[51]	Wang L, Yue Q, Kang K J, et al. 2017 Sci. Chin. Phys. Mech. 60 1 Google Scholar
[52]	Wang Z, Yue Q, Kang K J, et al. 2013 Phys. Rev. D 88 052004 Google Scholar
[53]	Yue Q, Wang Z, Kang K J, et al. 2014 Phys. Rev. D 90 091701 Google Scholar
[54]	Yang L T, Li H B, Yue Q, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 221301 Google Scholar
[55]	Jiang H, Jia L P, Yue Q, et al. 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 241301 Google Scholar
[56]	She Z, Jia L P, Yue Q, et al. 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 111301 Google Scholar
[57]	Dai W H, Ma H, Yue Q, et al. 2022 Phys. Rev. D 106 032012 Google Scholar
[58]	Xiao M J, Xiao X, Zhao L, et al. 2014 Sci. Chin. Phys. Mech. 57 2024 Google Scholar
[59]	Ni K X, Lai Y H, Abdukerim A, et al. 2019 Chin. Phys. C 43 113001 Google Scholar
[60]	Cui X, Abdukerim A, Chen W, et al. 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 181302 Google Scholar
[61]	Meng Y, Wang Z, Tao Y, et al. 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 261802 Google Scholar
[62]	Wang S B 2020 Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res., Sect. A 958 162439 Google Scholar
[63]	Akimov D, Albert J B, An P, et al. 2017 Science 357 1123 Google Scholar
[64]	Wei Y T, Guan M Y, Liu J C, Yu Z Y, Yang C G, Guo C, Xiong W X, Gan Y Y, Zhao Q, Li J J 2021 Radiat. Detect. Technol. 5 297 Google Scholar
[65]	Guo C, Guan M Y, Sun X L, Xiong W X, Zhang P, Yang C G, Wei Y T, Gan Y Y, Zhao Q 2020 Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res., Sect. A 980 164488 Google Scholar
[66]	Wang L, Guan M Y, Qin H J, et al. 2021 J. Instrum. 16 P07021 Google Scholar
[67]	Adams D Q, Alduino C, Alfonso K, et al. 2022 Nature 604 53 Google Scholar

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Vol. 72, Issue 5 - 2023-03-05

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