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A deception tracking system based on optical hidden visual code is proposed. The system uses visual cryptography to decompose the secret image into a number of realistic masked images, which can be used to conceal the secret information. One of the masked images is embedded with a fragile watermark to ensure that it is not modified. This image serves as an inspection key to verify the other images, and the inspection key is transmitted separately. The rest of the camouflaged image is hidden in the phase key using the phase recovery algorithm, which ensures good invisibility during transmission. If the pixel arrangement of the masked image is tampered with by a dishonest participant, it is called a fraudulent image. Each phase key is distributed to different participants to ensure that the corresponding deceiver can be identified when the spoofing image is traced. In the extraction process, only the diffraction transformation of the phase key is needed to obtain the mask image. During the inspection, the inspection key is incoherently superimposed with any masked image, and the appearance of the verification image indicates whether the masked image has been tampered with, thereby achieving the purpose of deception tracking. The secret image can be obtained by incoherently superimposing the masking images, provided that the number of superimposed masking images is is greater than or equal to the threshold k, along with the inspection key. When the inspection key is superimposed with any masked image, if there is a spoofed image, no verification image will appear, and as a result, the secret image will not be restored. If there is no spoofed image, the verification image will appear, indicating that the secret image can be restored by covering all the images. The system can be used to track internal fraudsters when actual information is transmitted through invisible visual cryptography.
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Keywords:
- optical hiding /
- visual cryptography /
- phase key /
- spoofing tracking
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Yu B, Fu Z X, Shen G, Fang L G 2014 Visual Cryptography (Vol. 1) (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China Press) p69
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图 1 再现、检验、恢复过程
Figure 1. Reproducing, verifying, and restoring process.
图 2 分解、隐藏、嵌入脆弱水印过程
Figure 2. Decomposition, hiding, embedding fragile watermarking process.
图 3 当秘密图像、验证图像、掩饰图像相同位置的像素均为白色时的编码方案
Figure 3. Encoding scheme when the pixels in the same position of secret image, verification image, and masking image pixels are all white.
图 4 GS算法流程
Figure 4. GS algorithm flow.
图 5 嵌入脆弱水印流程
Figure 5. Fragile watermark embedding process.
图 6 提取脆弱水印图像流程
Figure 6. Process of extracting fragile watermark image.
图 7 欺骗追踪过程 (a) 检验密钥; (b) 被篡改像素排列顺序的欺骗图像; (c) 从相位密钥恢复的掩饰图像; (d) 检验密钥与欺骗图像叠加结果; (e) 检验密钥与掩饰图像叠加结果; (f) 无法恢复秘密图像的结果
Figure 7. Spoofing tracking process: (a) Test key; (b) spoofing images with altered pixel arrangement order; (c) masking image recovered from phase key; (d) test key and spoofing image superposition result; (e) test key and masking image superposition result; (f) failure to recover secret image.
图 8 脆弱水印功能验证 (a) 宿主图像; (b) 水印图像; (c) 嵌入脆弱水印的宿主图像; (d) 提取水印图像; (e) 0.01椒盐噪声攻击提取的水印; (f) 0.01高斯噪声攻击提取的水印; (g) 图像压缩后提取的水印; (h) 10×10像素裁剪攻击后提取的水印
Figure 8. Fragile watermarking function verification: (a) Host image; (b) watermarked image; (c) host image embedded with fragile watermark; (d) extract watermark image; (e) watermark extracted by 0.01 salt and pepper noise attack; (f) watermark extracted by 0.01 Gaussian noise attack; (g) watermark extracted after image compression; (h) watermark extracted after 10×10 pixel cropping attack.
图 9 获得秘密图像的过程 (a) 检验密钥; (b)从相位密钥恢复出的掩饰图像1; (c)从相位密钥恢复出的掩饰图像2; (d) 检验密钥和掩饰图像1叠加得到的验证图像; (e) 检验密钥和掩饰图像2叠加得到的验证图像; (f) 3张图像叠加恢复的秘密图像
Figure 9. Process of obtaining secret image: (a) Test key; (b) masking image 1 recovered from phase key; (c) masking image 2 recovered from phase key; (d) the verification image obtained by superimposing the test key and the masking image 1; (e) verification images obtained by superimposing the test key and masking image 2; (f) the secret image recovered by superimposing three images.
图 10 (a)—(f)分别为14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 30像素大小的字符图像信息
Figure 10. (a)–(f) The character images information with the size of 14, 16, 18, 20, 24 and 30 pixels respectively.
图 11 对掩饰图像进行加噪声处理后秘密图像的相关系数曲线
Figure 11. Correlation coefficient curves of secret images after noise processing of masking image.
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[1] Khan M, Shah T 2014 3D Research 5 29
Google Scholar
[2] Chen W, Javidi B, Chen X D 2014 Adv. Opt. Photonics 6 120
Google Scholar
[3] Liu S, Guo C L, Sheridan J T 2014 Opt. Laser Technol. 57 327
Google Scholar
[4] Shi Y S, Situ G H, Zhang J J 2007 Opt. Lett. 32 1914
Google Scholar
[5] Shi Y S, Situ G H, Zhang J J 2008 Opt. Lett. 33 542
Google Scholar
[6] 杨玉花, 史祎诗, 王雅丽, 肖俊, 张静娟 2011 物理学报 60 034202
Google Scholar
Yang Y H, Shi Y S, Wang Y L, Xiao J, Zhang J J 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 034202
Google Scholar
[7] Shi Y S, Li T, Wang Y L, Gao Q K, Zhang S G, Li H F 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 1425
Google Scholar
[8] Gao Q H, Wang Y L, Li T, Shi Y S 2014 Appl. Optics 53 4700
Google Scholar
[9] 刘祥磊, 潘泽, 王雅丽, 史祎诗 2015 物理学报 64 234201
Google Scholar
Liu X L, Pan Z, Wang Y L, Shi Y S 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 234201
Google Scholar
[10] Chanana A, Paulsen A, Guruswamy S, Nahata A 2016 Optica 3 1466
Google Scholar
[11] 席思星, 于娜娜, 王晓雷, 朱巧芬, 董昭, 王微, 刘秀红, 王华英 2019 物理学报 68 110502
Google Scholar
Xi S X, Yu N N, Wang X L, Zhu Q F, Dong Z, Wang W, Liu X H, Wang H Y 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 110502
Google Scholar
[12] 王雪光, 李明, 于娜娜, 席思星, 王晓雷, 郎利影 2019 物理学报 68 240503
Google Scholar
Wang X G, Li M, Yu N N, Xi S X, Wang X L, Lang L Y 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 240503
Google Scholar
[13] Machizaud J, Fournel T 2012 Opt. Express 20 22847
Google Scholar
[14] Wu H C, Chang C C 2005 Comput. Stand. Interfaces 28 123
Google Scholar
[15] Feng J B, Wu H C, Tsai C S, Chang Y F, Chu Y P 2008 Pattern Recognit. 41 3572
Google Scholar
[16] Mishra A, Gupta A 2018 J. Inf. Optim. Sci. 39 631
[17] Blundo C, Cimato S, Santis A D 2006 Theor. Comput. Sci. 369 169
Google Scholar
[18] Chen Y F, Chan Y K, Huang C C, Tsai M H, Chu Y P 2007 Inf. Sci. 177 4696
Google Scholar
[19] 于韬, 杨栋宇, 马锐, 史祎诗 2020 物理学报 69 144202
Google Scholar
Yu T, Yang D Y, Ma R, Shi Y S 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 144202
Google Scholar
[20] 周新隆, 祝玉鹏, 杨栋宇, 张峻浩, 卢哲, 王华英, 董昭, 柯常军, 史祎诗 2021 物理学报 70 244201
Google Scholar
Zhou X L, Zhu Y P, Yang D Y, Zhang J H, Lu Z, Wang H Y, Dong Z, Ke C J, Shi Y S 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 244201
Google Scholar
[21] Shi Y S, Yang X B 2017 J. Opt. 19 115703
Google Scholar
[22] Shi Y S, Yang X B 2017 Chin. Phys. Lett. 34 114204
Google Scholar
[23] Yang N, Gao Q K, Shi Y S 2018 Opt. Express 26 31995
Google Scholar
[24] Li Z F, Dong G Y, Yang D Y, Li G L, Shi Y S, Bi K, Zhou J 2019 Opt. Express 27 19212
Google Scholar
[25] 郁滨, 付正欣, 沈刚, 房礼国 2014 视觉密码 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学出版社) 第69页
Yu B, Fu Z X, Shen G, Fang L G 2014 Visual Cryptography (Vol. 1) (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China Press) p69
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