-
Intergranular or intragranular anisotropic pores can be easily observed in the FCC structure of nuclear reactor core structural materials, such as austenitic stainless steel or nickel-based alloys. Austenitic stainless steel contains a certain amount of nickel(Ni), Ni undergo transmutation reaction under neutron irradiation to produce helium. Helium combines with vacancy and continuously absorbs more helium and vacancy, evolving into underpressure pores filled with a small amount of helium. The morphology of pores is influenced by both the surface anisotropy of the crystal and grain boundary characteristic because pores nucleation predominantly occurs at grain boundaries. The swelling effect caused by pores and the embrittlement effect of high temperature helium are related to the morphology, size and distribution of pores. The phase field method can couple multiple physical fields and accurately describe the effects of material microscopic defects on pores. In this study, we use establish a free energy functional coupling between crystal plane anisotropy and pore-grain boundary interactions, using phase field methods to simulate pores’ evolution and morphology. Our results demonstrate that helium gas induces pore nucleation, with higher concentrations leading to shorter incubation period, faster nucleation rate, and greater growth rate. Grain boundaries act as heterogeneous nucleation sites for helium pores, leading to the formation of pores along these boundaries and high-density diffusion pores within grains. The intragranular pores exhibit anisotropic characteristics regulated by interfacial energy's anisotropic modulus, the strength of the anisotropy, and crystal orientation. The high-density intergranular pores interact significantly and are influenced by grain boundaries, while the anisotropic morphology is negligible. Additionally, it has been observed that the pores located at the middle of grain boundaries tend to exhibit an elliptical shape. The stress inside the pores that contain a small amount of helium gas is negative, which is lower than the value in the matrix. The findings presented herein align well with experimental results and have implications for life prediction models for service components as well as core material design.
-
Keywords:
- Pores /
- Anisotropic /
- Phase field /
- Irradiation
-
[1] 杨文斗 2000 反应堆材料学(北京:原子能出版社) pp18-19
[2] Yang H, Feng Z H, Wang H R, Zhang Y P, Chen Z, Xin T Y, Song X R, Wu L, Zhang J 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 214(in Chinese) [杨辉,冯泽华,王贺然,张云鹏,陈铮,信天缘,宋小蓉,吴璐,张静 2021 物理学报70 214]
[3] Liu C Y, Feng Z H, Zhang Y P, Yu K, Wu L, Ma C, Zhang J 2024 Acta Metall. Sin. 60 1279(in Chinese) [刘彩艳,冯泽华,张云鹏,余康,吴璐,马聪,张静 2024金属学报60 1279]
[4] Wang H, Yu K, Wang J, Wu L, Zhang W, Zhang J 2024 Mech. Mater. 189 104865
[5] Zinkle S J, Busby J T 2009 Mater. Today 12 12
[6] Nazarov A V, Mikheev A A, Melnikov A P 2020 J. Nucl. Mater 532 152067
[7] Zinkle S J, Farrell K 1989 J. Nucl. Mater 168 262-7
[8] Was G S 2017 Fundamentals of Radiation Materials Science: Metals and Alloys (New York: Springer) pp379-484.
[9] Chen C W 1973 Phys. Status Solidi. A 16 197
[10] Niwase K, Ezawa T, Tanabe T, Fujita F E 1988 J. Nucl. Mater 160 229
[11] Griffiths M, Styles R C, Woo C H, Phillipp F, Frank W 1994 J. Nucl. Mater 208 324
[12] El-Atwani O, Hattar K, Hinks J A, Greaves G, Harilal S S, Hassanein A 2015 J. Nucl. Mater 458 216
[13] Liu W B, Wang N, Ji Y Z, Song P C, Zhang C, Yang Z GChen L Q 2016 J. Nucl. Mater 479 316
[14] Han G M, Wang H, Lin D-Y, Zhu X Y, Hu S Y, Song H F 2017 Comp. Mater. Sci. 133 22
[15] Vitos L, Ruban A V, Skriver H L, Kollár J 1998 Surf. Sci. 411 186
[16] Tschopp M A, Solanki K N, Gao F, Sun X, Khaleel M A, Horstemeyer M F 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 064108
[17] Hirth J P, Pond R CLothe J 2007 Acta Mater. 55 5428
[18] Jiang Y, Liu W, Li W, Sun Z, Xin Y, Chen P, Yun D 2021 Comp. Mater. Sci. 188 110176
[19] Gao Z, Huang J, Liu H, Ge W, Luo F, Zhang B, Liu G, Sun B, Shen T, Xue J, Wang Y, Wang C 2023 Scripta Mater. 232 115497
[20] Yan Z, Yang T, Lin Y, Lu Y, Su Y, Zinkle S J, Wang Y 2020 J. Nucl. Mater 532 152045
[21] Qi X Y, Liu H, Wang Y 2023 Acta Metall. Sin. 59 1513(in Chinese) [戚晓勇,柳何,王恽 2023 金属学报 59 1513]
[22] Liu X X, Liu W B, Li B Y, He X F, Yang C X, Yun D 2022 Acta Metall. Sin. 58 943(in Chinese)[刘续希,柳文波,李博岩,贺新福,杨朝曦,恽迪2022 金属学报 58 943]
[23] Moladje G F B, Thuinet L, Becquart C S, Legris A 2022 Acta Mater. 225 117523
[24] Sakaël C, Domain C, Ambard A, Thuinet L, Legris A 2023 Int. J. Plast. 168 103699
[25] Liu C, Zhang Y, Cheng D, Yu K, Teng C, Wu L, Zhang J 2024 Nucl. Eng. Des. 425 113311
[26] Millett P C, El-Azab A, Wolf D 2011 Comp. Mater. Sci. 50 960
[27] Bhattacharyya S, Heo T W, Chang K, Chen L Q 2011 Model. Simul. Mater. Sc. 19 035002
[28] Jiang Y B, Liu W B, Sun Z P, La Y X, Yun D 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 026103(in Chinese) [姜彦博,柳文波,孙志鹏,喇永孝,恽迪 2021 物理学报71 026103]
[29] Greenwood M, Hoyt J J, Provatas N 2009 Acta Mater. 57 2613
[30] Tonks M R, Zhang Y, Butterfield A, Bai X M 2015 Model. Simul. Mater. Sc. 23 045009
[31] Golubov S I, Ovcharenko A M, Barashev A V, Singh B N 2001 Philos. Mag. 81 643
[32] Russell K C 1971 Acta Mater. 19 753
[33] Wen P, Tonks M R, Phillpot S R, Spearot D E 2022 Comp. Mater. Sci. 209 111392
[34] Millett P C, El-Azab A, Wolf D 2011 Comp. Mater. Sci. 50 960-70
[35] Wang Y, Zhao J, Ding J, Zhao J 2022 Int. J. Refract. Met. H. 105 105824
[36] Lin Y R, Chen W Y, Tan L, Hoelzer D T, Yan Z, Hsieh C Y, Huang C W, Zinkle S J 2021 Acta Mater. 217 117165
[37] Schroeder H, Kesternich W, Ullmaier H 1985 Fusion Eng. Des. 2 65
Metrics
- Abstract views: 23
- PDF Downloads: 0
- Cited By: 0