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Terahertz (THz) waves have been widely investigated recently due to their ability to reflect the fingerprint characteristics of samples. As a promising method, THz technology has aroused great interest in various applications, especially biological imaging, environmental monitoring, non-destructive evaluation, spectroscopy and molecular analysis. In order to reveal the intramolecular vibration/rotation information of various compounds, the linewidths of their absorption lines are usually in a range of GHz or even MHz, and THz waves with wide tunability, narrow linewidth, high frequency accuracy, and high power stability are required. Currently, the linewidth with GHz level and low SNR at higher frequency still limit its further applications in reveal intramolecular information. In this work, the thermal distribution characteristics of DAST crystals based on diamond substrates under continuous laser pumping conditions are theoretically studied by COMSOL Multiphysics, and the effectiveness of diamond substrates in dissipating heat from DAST crystals is experimentally verified. Then, a narrow-linewidth and tunable organic-crystal continuous-wave terahertz source is demonstrated. Two narrow-linewidth continuous-wave (CW) fiber lasers are used as the pump sources for generating difference frequency. The terahertz wave is continuously tunable in a range of 1.1–3 THz. The maximum output power of 3.39 nW is obtained at 2.493 THz. The power fluctuation in 30 min is measured to be 2.19%. In addition, the generated THz wave has a high polarization extinction ratio of 9.44 dB. Using this CW-THz source for high-precision spectral detection of air with different humidity, the results correspond well with the gas absorption spectral lines in the Hitran database, proving that the CW-THz source has narrow linewidth, high frequency accuracy and stability. Therefore, it can promote the practical application of tunable CW-THz source, thus having good potential in THz high-precision spectroscopic detection and multispectral imaging.
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图 1 DAST晶体热分布仿真结果 (a) DAST; (b) Diamond-DAST
Figure 1. Simulation results of heat distribution of organic crystals: (a) Without and (b) with diamond substrate.
图 2 晶体温度随泵浦功率的变化曲线 (a)最高温度; (b)最低温度
Figure 2. Curves of crystal temperature variation with pump power: (a) Maximum temperature; (b) minimum temperature.
图 3 (a)热损伤实验示意图; (b) DAST晶体热损伤表面; (c) Diamond-DAST内表面(Surface A); (d) Diamond -DAST晶体内部; (e) Diamond-DAST晶体外表面(Surface B)
Figure 3. (a) Schematic diagram of thermal damage experiment; (b) thermal damage surface (Surface A) of DAST crystal; (c) surface of Diamond-DAST crystal; (d) inside the Diamond-DAST crystal; (e) outer surface (Surface B) of the Diamond-DAST crystal.
图 4 连续太赫兹辐射源实验装置图(插图为Diamond -DAST晶体实物照片)
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the CW-THz source. The inset is DAST crystal with diamond substrate.
图 5 (a)双波长泵浦光偏振特性; (b)波长稳定性 (插图为功率调谐特性)
Figure 5. (a) Polarization characteristics of the dual-wavelength pump; (b) wavelength stability, where the inset is power tuning characteristics.
图 6 (a)连续太赫兹辐射源调谐输出特性; (b)输出频率2.493 THz时太赫兹波功率稳定性(插图太赫兹波偏振特性)
Figure 6. (a) Tunable characteristics of the CW-THz source; (b) stability of the generated THz power over a time frame of 30 min at 2.493 THz, where the inset is polarization characteristics of the THz wave.
图 7 太赫兹输出强度与(a)双波长泵浦总功率以及(b) λ1, λ2泵浦功率的关系
Figure 7. Relationship of the THz wave intensity with (a) the dual-wavelength pump power and (b) the pump power of λ1 or λ2.
图 8 不同湿度空气1.90—2.85 THz透射特性
Figure 8. Transmission characteristics of air with different humidity of 1.90–2.85 THz.
表 1 有/无金刚石衬底DAST晶体热损伤情况与泵浦功率的关系
Table 1. Dependence of pump power and thermal damage of DAST crystal with/without diamond substrate.
晶体无形变 热应力导致晶体内部发生可恢复
微小形变(降低功率可复原)热应力导致晶体内部发生不可
恢复形变(降低功率不可复原)晶体熔化 DAST P < 0.45 W 0.45 W ≤ P < 0.75 W 0.75 W ≤ P < 1.20 W P ≥ 1.20 W Diamond-DAST P < 1.10 W 1.10 W ≤ P < 1.70 W 1.70 W ≤ P < 2.65 W P ≥ 2.65 W 
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[1] Ferguson B, Zhang X C 2002 Nat. Mater. 1 26
Google Scholar
[2] Sirtori C 2002 Nature 417 132
Google Scholar
[3] Sterczewski L A, Westberg J, Yang Y, Burghoff D, Reno J, Hu Q, Wysocki G 2020 ACS Photonics 7 1082
Google Scholar
[4] Stinson H T, Sternbach A, Najera O, Jing R, McLeod A S, Slusar T V, Mueller A, Anderegg L, Kim H T, Rozenberg M, Basov D N 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 3604
Google Scholar
[5] 穆宁, 杨川艳, 马康, 全玉莲, 王诗, 赖颖, 李飞, 王与烨, 陈图南, 徐德刚, 冯华 2022 物理学报 71 178702
Google Scholar
Mu N, Yang C Y, Ma K, Quan Y L, Wang S, Lai Y, Li F, Wang Y Y, Chen T N, Xu D G, Feng H 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 178702
Google Scholar
[6] 王玉文, 董志伟, 李瀚宇, 周逊, 罗振飞 2016 物理学报 65 134101
Google Scholar
Wang Y W, Dong Z W, Li H Y, Zhou X, Luo Z F 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 134101
Google Scholar
[7] Yang X, Zhao X, Yang K, Liu Y, Liu Y, Fu W, Luo Y 2016 Trends Biotechnol. 34 810
Google Scholar
[8] Aghasi H, Naghavi S M H, Taba M T, Aseeri M A, Cathelin A, Afshari E 2020 Appl. Phys. Rev. 7 021302
Google Scholar
[9] Cherkassky V S, Knyazev B A, Kubarev V V, Kulipanov G N, Kruyshev G L, Matveenko A N, Petrov A K, Petrov V M, Scheglov M A, Shevchenko O A, Vmokurov N A 2004 Joint 29th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves and 12th International Conference on Teraheriz Electronics Karlsruhe, Germany, September 17–October 1, 2004 p567
[10] Chhantyal-Pun R, Valavanis A, Keeley J T, Rubino P, Kundu I, Han Y, Dean P, Li L, Davies A G, Linfield E H 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 2225
Google Scholar
[11] Mueller E R, Henschke R, Robotham W E, Newman L A, Laughman L M, Hart R A, Kennedy J, Pickett H M 2007 Appl. Optics 46 4907
Google Scholar
[12] Chen K, Tang L, Xu D, Wang Y, Yan C, Nie G, Hu C, Wu B, Zhu J, Yao J 2021 ACS Photonics 8 3141
Google Scholar
[13] Mansourzadeh S, Vogel T, Shalaby M, Wulf F, Saraceno C J 2021 Opt. Express 29 38946
Google Scholar
[14] Lee A J, Pask H M 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 442
Google Scholar
[15] He Y, Wang Y, Xu D, Nie M, Yan C, Tang L, Shi J, Feng J, Yan D, Liu H, Teng B, Feng H, Yao J 2018 Appl. Phys. B 124 16
Google Scholar
[16] 柴路, 牛跃, 栗岩锋, 胡明列, 王清月 2016 物理学报 65 070702
Google Scholar
Chai L, Niu Y, Li Y F, Hu M L, Wang Q Y 2016 Acta. Phys. Sin. 65 070702
Google Scholar
[17] Tang M, Minamide H, Wang Y, Notake T, Ohno S, Ito H 2011 Opt. Express 19 779
Google Scholar
[18] Walsh D, Stothard D J M, Edwards T J, Browne P G, Rae C E, Dunn M H 2009 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys. 26 1196
Google Scholar
[19] Paul J R, Scheller M, Laurain A, Young A, Koch S W, Moloney J 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 3654
Google Scholar
[20] 刘欢, 徐德刚, 姚建铨 2008 物理学报 57 5662
Google Scholar
Liu H, Xu D G, Yao J Q 2008 Acta. Phys. Sin. 57 5662
Google Scholar
[21] Cunningham P D, Hayden L M 2010 Opt. Express 18 23620
Google Scholar
[22] Zhao H, Tan Y, Wu T, Steinfeld G, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Zhang L, Shalaby M 2019 Appl. Phys. Lett. 114 241101
Google Scholar
[23] Wang Z, Wang Y, Li H, Ge M, Xu D, Yao J 2023 Opt. Express 31 39030
Google Scholar
[24] Rothman L S, Jacquemart D, Barbe A, Benner D C, Birk M, Brown L R, Carleer M R, Chackerian C, Chance K, Coudert L H, Dana V, Devi V M, Flaud J M, Gamache R R, Goldman A, Hartmann J M, Jucks K W, Maki A G, Mandin J Y, Massie S T, Orphal J, Perrin A, Rinsland C P, Smith M A H, Tennyson J, Tolchenov R N, Toth R A, Vander Auwera J, Varanasi P, Wagner G 2005 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 96 139
Google Scholar
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