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Freezing of multicomponent droplets and thin films is ubiquitous in natural and engineered settings. Prior studies on multicomponent droplets, including Marangoni-driven self-lifting droplets and soap-bubble freezing, have established the roles of interfacial flow and solute redistribution and often exhibit a snow-globe effect with migrating ice particles. Curvature and field-of-view constraints in droplet systems hinder continuous observation of a single object. Here, leveraging the comparability of interfacial heat and mass transport between droplets and films, we employ a flat isopropanol–water binary film on a cooled substrate to enable high-resolution, time-resolved in situ microscopy of single separated ice flakes across a range of substrate supercooling (ΔT). Experiments show that with increasing ΔT, the external shape of ice flakes evolves from hexagonal pyramidal to dodecagonal pyramidal and ultimately toward a near-conical form, accompanied by reduced transparency. We quantify morphological evolution using a shape factor β and qualitatively distinguish crystal-structure differences with combined bright- and dark-field microscopy. A minimal model that couples solute and thermal diffusion with Marangoni stresses rationalizes the observations: solute-concentration gradients primarily drive structural evolution, while the competition between advection and diffusion governs anisotropic growth. These results provide mechanistic insight into interfacial freezing dynamics of multicomponent liquid films and establish flat-film microscopy as a platform for single-flake kinetics.
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Keywords:
- Binary liquid film /
- Solute diffusion /
- Thermal diffusion /
- Marangoni effect
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