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遍布全球的人工甚低频台站发射的信号主要用于对潜通信，在夜间这些信号可以泄漏进磁层与内辐射带中百keV电子发生回旋共振从而导致电子沉降。这一过程是导致内辐射带电子损失的重要原因，也是磁层-电离层耦合过程中能量和物质输运的重要环节。被台站信号散射的电子呈现出能量随L增加而减小的“条缕状”能谱结构，与台站信号和电子的一阶回旋共振能量曲线相符。低轨卫星可以对“条缕状”能谱结构进行清晰地观测，为研究近地空间波粒相互作用提供了重要契机。本文基于Drift-Diffusion-Source模型，复现了DEMETER卫星于2009年3月19日多个轨道测量的NWC台站信号导致的“条缕状”能谱，量化了NWC台站信号对辐射带电子的散射作用，明晰了NWC台站信号的幅度和传播角，揭示了内辐射带电子漂移过程中的动态变化规律，为开发人工影响辐射带技术提供了重要理论参考。Very low frequency signals emitted by worldwide spread ground-based man-made transmitters, which primarily propagate within Earth-ionospheric waveguides, are used for submarine communication. A portion of these signals penetrates the ionosphere and leaks into the magnetosphere when the ionospheric electron density decrease on the nightside due to the attenuated sunlit. VLF transmitter signals in the magnetosphere can scatter electrons in the inner radiation belt at energies of 100s keV into the drift loss cone through cyclotron resonance, which is an important loss mechanism for electrons in the inner radiation belt, and also playing an important role in transferring energy and mass from magnetosphere to ionosphere. Electrons scattered by transmitter signals exhibit “wisp” signature in L-Ek spectrum, satisfying the first-order cyclotron resonance relationship between electrons and the transmitter signals. The “wisp” spectrum can be clearly observed by Low Earth Orbit satellites, offering opportunities to study wave-particle interactions in near-Earth space. In this study, using the Drift-Diffusion-Source model, we reproduce the “wisp” spectrum formed by scattering effects of NWC transmitter signals observed by DEMETER satellite on March 19, 2009. Our simulation results suggest that the equatorial pitch angle of electrons observed by DEMETER varies with the longitude, resulting in distinctions in the observed “wisp” spectrum along different longitudes. Specifically, as the satellite approaches South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region, both the energy range and flux level of the observed “wisp” spectrum gradually increase. When using the wave normal angle model (the central wave normal angle is 60°) and the background electron density model from previous studies, the energy range of the simulated “wisp” spectra is higher than the observations. Adjusting the central wave normal angle to 40° or increasing the background density by a factor of 1.3, the simulated results agree well with the observations. Our results clarify the scattering effect of NWC transmitter signals on electrons in the radiation belt, and underscore the importance of analyzing the formation of “wisp” spectrum for understanding wave-particle interactions in near-earth space. Additionally, the Drift-Diffusion-Source model can be used to study wave-particle interactions in the inner radiation belt, providing an important basis for developing radiation belt remediation technology.
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Keywords:
- Earth’s radiation belts /
- wave-particle interactions /
- artificial very low frequency transmitter signals /
- electron pitch angle diffusion
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