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纯四次孤子光纤激光器是一种新型的超短脉冲激光器, 能够在四阶色散和自相位调制效应平衡下保持脉冲形状稳定传输. 相比于二阶色散主导下的常规孤子激光器, 纯四次孤子激光器输出的锁模脉冲能量可以高出1—2个数量级, 这将为研制高能量、高峰值功率的光纤激光器提供新思路. 本文系统地回顾了近年来在光纤激光器等非线性光学系统中纯四次孤子的产生以及传输特性, 并探讨了纯四次孤子中已观察到的一些特殊瞬态动力学现象. 同时, 介绍了笔者所在课题组在该研究方向上的最新成果. 最后, 本文对纯四次孤子光纤激光器的应用前景以及发展趋势进行展望, 为相关领域未来的研究提供有价值的参考. 这些结果将有助于更全面认识纯四次孤子光纤激光器的基本物理特性.The pure-quartic soliton fiber laser is an innovative ultra-short pulse laser that can maintain a stable pulse shape through a balance between fourth-order dispersion effect and self-phase modulation effect. Comparing with traditional soliton laser that is dominated by second-order dispersion, the mode-locked pulse energy of pure-quartic soliton laser can be 1–2 orders of magnitude higher. This provides researchers with new ideas for developing high-energy and high-peak-power fiber lasers. Here, the generation and transmission characteristics of pure-quartic solitons in nonlinear optical systems such as fiber lasers in recent years are systematically reviewed. It also explores some special transient dynamic phenomena. Furthermore, in this article, the latest achievements of our research group in this area are also presented. Finally, the application prospect and development trend of pure-quartic soliton fiber lasers are prospected. These results will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the basic physical properties of pure-quartic soliton fiber lasers.
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Keywords:
- pure-quartic solitons /
- fiber laser /
- dynamics /
- fourth-order dispersion /
- self-phase modulation effects
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Google Scholar
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图 1 纯四次孤子概念及其及实验证明[22] (a) 纯四次孤子原理图; (b) 频率分辨电开关; (c) 扫描电子显微镜下的样品图像; (d) 光子晶体波导的色散测量
Fig. 1. Concept of pure-quartic solitons and their experimental demonstration[22]: (a) Schematic of pure-quartic solitons; (b) frequency-resolved electrical gating; (c) scanning electron microscopy image of the sample; (d) measured dispersion of the photonic crystal waveguides.
图 3 纯四次孤子输出特性 (a) 线性坐标下的时域脉冲; (b) 对数坐标下的时域脉冲; (c) 线性坐标下的频域光谱; (d) 对数坐标下的频域光谱(红色为常规孤子光谱)[46]
Fig. 3. Output characteristics of pure-quartic solitons: (a) Time domain pulses at linear coordinates; (b) time domain pulses at logarithmic coordinates; (c) frequency domain spectrum in linear coordinates; (d) frequency domain spectrum in logarithmic coordinates (red is the spectrum of traditional soliton)[46].
图 8 非对称“M”型耗散纯四次孤子[26] (a) 线性与对数坐标下的光谱; (b) 脉冲(蓝色)和啁啾(红色); (c), (d) 1000圈下的频域和时域演化
Fig. 8. Asymmetric “M” type dissipative pure-quartic solitons[26]: (a) Spectrum with log and linear coordinates; (b) pulse (blue) and chirp (red); (c), (d) evolution of frequency domain and time domain with 1000 roundtrips.
图 9 纯高阶色散孤子六次色散(上行)、八次色散(中行)和十次色散(下行)的频域和时域测量 (a)—(c) 测量光谱(蓝色)和计算光谱(红色虚线); (d)—(f) 频谱图; (g)—(i) 时域强度(蓝色)、相位(橙色)以及相应的计算时域形状(红色虚线)[48]
Fig. 9. Spectral and temporal measurements of pure high-order dispersion solitons sextic (top row), octic (middle row), and decic (bottom row) dispersion: (a)–(c) Measured (blue) and calculated (red-dashed) spectrum; (d)–(f) spectrograms; (g)–(i) temporal intensity (blue), phase (orange), and corresponding calculated temporal shapes (red-dashed)[48].
图 13 (a) 拉曼效应下纯四次孤子的峰值功率(黑点)与泵浦功率(红色虚线)的关系(呼吸状态由灰色区域显示); (b) 稳定状态(泵浦功率为1 W, 6 W)和 (c) 呼吸状态(泵浦功率为4 W)的时域脉冲及其相应相位(红线); (d) 4 W泵浦功率下拉曼纯四次孤子呼吸的典型频谱; (e) 呼吸状态谱能量演化(白色虚线表示不同段的光谱能量峰值)[52]
Fig. 13. (a)The relationship between peak power (black dot) and pump power (red dashed line) of Raman pure-quartic solitons (the breathing state is shown by the gray area); (b) time domain pulses in stable state (pump powers are 1 W and 6 W) and (c) breathing state (pump power is 4 W) and corresponding phases (red line); (d) typical breathing spectrum of Raman pure-quartic solitons at pump power of 4 W; (e) energy evolution of the breathing spectrum (the white dotted lines indicate the spectral energy peaks in different segments)[52].
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[1] Cundiff S T, Ye J 2003 Rev. Mod. Phys. 75 325
Google Scholar
[2] Yi X, Yang Q F, Yang K Y, Suh M G, Vahala K 2015 Optica 2 1078
Google Scholar
[3] Okhotnikov O, Grudinin A, Pessa M 2004 New J. Phys. 6 177
Google Scholar
[4] Wise F W, Chong A, Renninger W H 2008 Laser Photon. Rev. 2 58
Google Scholar
[5] Grelu P, Akhmediev N 2012 Nat. Photonics 6 84
Google Scholar
[6] Xu C, Wise F W 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 875
Google Scholar
[7] Wang K, Horton N G, Charan K, Xu C 2014 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. 20 50
Google Scholar
[8] Mollenauer L F, Stolen R H, Gordon J P 1980 Phys. Rev. Lett. 45 1095
Google Scholar
[9] Agrawal G P 2007 Nonlinear Fiber Optics (4th Ed.) (Academic Press
[10] Fermann M E, Hartl I 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 868
Google Scholar
[11] Dennis M L, Duling I N 1994 IEEE J. Quantum Elect. 30 1469
Google Scholar
[12] Nelson L E, Jones D J, Tamura K, Haus H A, Ippen E P 1997 Appl. Phys. B 65 277
Google Scholar
[13] Shabat A, Zakharov V 1972 Sov. Phys. JETP 34 62
[14] Renninger W H, Chong A, Wise F W 2010 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27 1978
Google Scholar
[15] Tamura K, Ippen E P, Haus H A, Nelson L E 1993 Opt. Lett. 18 1080
Google Scholar
[16] Chong A, Buckley J, Renninger W, Wise F 2006 Opt. Express 14 10095
Google Scholar
[17] Blow K J, Doran N J, Wood D 1988 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 5 381
Google Scholar
[18] Karlsson M, Höök A 1994 Opt. Commun. 104 303
Google Scholar
[19] Christov I P, Murnane M M, Kapteyn H C, Zhou J, Huang C P 1994 Opt. Lett. 19 1465
Google Scholar
[20] Piché M, Cormier J F, Zhu X 1996 Opt. Lett. 21 845
Google Scholar
[21] Roy S, Biancalana F 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 025801
Google Scholar
[22] Blanco-Redondo A, de Sterke C M, Sipe J E, Krauss T F, Eggleton B J, Husko C 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 10427
Google Scholar
[23] Runge A F J, Hudson D D, Tam K K K, de Sterke C M, Blanco-Redondo A 2020 Nat. Photonics 14 492
Google Scholar
[24] de Sterke C M, Runge A F J, Hudson D D, Blanco-Redondo A 2021 APL Photonics 6 091101
Google Scholar
[25] Runge A F J, Alexander T J, Newton J, Alavandi P A, de Sterke C M 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 3365
Google Scholar
[26] Qian Z C, Liu M, Luo A P, Xu W C, Luo Z C 2022 Opt. Express 30 22066
Google Scholar
[27] Soto-Crespo J M, Akhmediev N, Ankiewicz A 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 2937
Google Scholar
[28] Akhmediev N, Soto-Crespo J M, Town G 2001 Phys. Rev. E 63 056602
Google Scholar
[29] Zhao L M, Tang D Y, Lin F, Zhao B 2004 Opt. Express 12 4573
Google Scholar
[30] Liu M, Wei Z W, Li H, Li T J, Luo A P, Xu W C, Luo Z C 2020 Laser Photonics Rev. 14 1900317
Google Scholar
[31] Akhmediev N, Soto-Crespo J M 2003 Phys. Lett. A 317 287
Google Scholar
[32] Liu M, Luo A P, Yan Y R, Hu S, Liu Y C, Cui H, Luo Z C, Xu W C 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 1181
Google Scholar
[33] Luo M, Zhang Z X, Liu M, Luo A P, Xu W C, Luo Z C 2022 Opt. Express 30 22143
Google Scholar
[34] Luo M, Zhang Z X, Chen N M, Liu M, Luo A P, Xu W C, Luo Z C 2023 Adv. Phys. Res. 2 2200103
Google Scholar
[35] Aossey D W, Skinner S R, Cooney J L, Williams J E, Gavin M T, Andersen D R, Lonngren K E 1992 Phys. Rev. A 45 2606
Google Scholar
[36] Liu M, Li T J, Luo A P, Xu W C, Luo Z C 2020 Laser Photon. Rev. 14 1900317
Google Scholar
[37] Wai P K A, Chen H H, Lee Y C 1990 Phys. Rev. A 41 426
Google Scholar
[38] Kodama Y, Romagnoli M, Wabnitz S, Midrio M 1994 Opt. Lett. 19 165
Google Scholar
[39] Höök A, Karlsson M 1993 Opt. Lett. 18 1388
Google Scholar
[40] Karpman V I 1996 Phys. Rev. E 53 R1336
Google Scholar
[41] Roy S, Bhadra S K, Agrawal G P 2009 Opt. Commun. 282 3798
Google Scholar
[42] Blanco-Redondo A, Eades D, Li J, Lefrancois S, Krauss T F, Eggleton B J, Husko C 2014 Optica 1 299
Google Scholar
[43] Blanco-Redondo A, Husko C, Eades D, Zhang Y, Li J, Krauss T F, Eggleton B J 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3160
Google Scholar
[44] Hasegawa A, Tappert F 1973 Appl. Phys. Lett. 23 142
Google Scholar
[45] Lo C W, Stefani A, de Sterke C M, Blanco-Redondo A 2018 Opt. Express 26 7786
Google Scholar
[46] Tam K K K, Alexander T J, Blanco-Redondo A, de Sterke C M 2019 Opt. Lett. 44 3306
Google Scholar
[47] Kelly S M J 1992 Electron. Lett. 28 806
Google Scholar
[48] Runge A F J, Qiang Y L, Alexander T J, Rafat M Z, Hudson D D, Blanco-Redondo A, de Sterke C M 2021 Phys. Rev. Res. 3 013166
Google Scholar
[49] Widjaja J, Kobakhidze E, Cartwright T R, Lourdesamy J P, Runge A F J, Alexander T J, de Sterke C M 2021 Phys. Rev. A 104 043526
Google Scholar
[50] Zhang Z X, Luo M, Chen J X, Liu M, Luo A P, Xu W C, Luo Z C 2022 Opt. Lett. 47 1750
Google Scholar
[51] Soto-Crespo J M, Grapinet M, Grelu P, Akhmediev N 2004 Phys. Rev. E 70 066612
Google Scholar
[52] Liu K W, Yao S Y, Yang C X 2021 Opt. Lett. 46 993
Google Scholar
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