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The global distribution of the second lapse-rate tropopause (LRT2) is investigated with the radio occultation measurements from the constellation observing system for meteorology, ionosphere and climate (COSMIC) covering December 2006-November 2008 Comparisons between COSMIC and radiosonde in terms of the tropopause are examined in three stations to check the difference. The research results are as follows. 1) In the winter, occurrence frequency for LRT2 in the northern hemisphere (NH) is of 50%-70% and in the southers hemisphere is of 20%-40%. 2) The second tropopause over the equatorial zone with 20%-26% occurrence seems to be related to the equatorial jet stream and subvisual cirrus above the first tropopause. 3) In the tropic, the difference in altitude and occurrence between the first and second tropopause decrease with latitude. In the extratropic zone, the difference increases with latitude and reaches a maximum of 7-8 km in the winter of the NH. 4) The second tropopause occurs frequently over the subtropical jet stream region, in which the first tropopause temperature is almost higher than the second one. 5) The more intense the single station daily variations of tropopause height, the bigger the difference between COSMIC and radiosonde is.
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Keywords:
- the second tropopause /
- COSMIC /
- occurrence frequency /
- difference
[1] Randel W J, Seidel D J, Pan L L 2007 J. Geophys. Res. 112 D07309
[2] Thompson D W J, Wallace J M 1998 Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 1297
[3] Charlton A J, A O'Neill, Lahoz W A, Massacand A C 2004 Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 130 1771
[4] Santer B D, Wehner M F, Wigley T M L, Sausen R, Meehl G A, Taylor K E, Ammann C, Arblaster J, Washington W M, Boyle J S, Bruggemann W 2003 Science 301 479
[5] Randel W J, Seidel D J, Pan L L 2007 J. Geophys. Res. 112 D07309
[6] Anel J A, Antuna J C, de la Torre L, Castanheira J M, Gimeno L 2008 J. Geophys. Res. 113 D00B08
[7] Schmidt T, Beyerle G, Heise S, Wickert J, Rothacher M 2006 Geophys. Res. Lett. 33 L04808
[8] Pan L L, Randel W J, Gille J C, Hall W D, Nardi B, Massie S, Yudin V, Khosravi R, Konopka P, Tarasick D 2009 J. Geophys. Res. 114 D10302
[9] Hall C M, Hansen G, Sigernes F, Kuyeng Ruiz K M 2011 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11 5485
[10] Elbern H, Hendricksand J, Ebel A 1998 Theor. Appl. Climatol. 59 181
[11] Baray J, Daniel V, Ancellet G 2000 Geophys. Res. Lett. 27 353
[12] Sprenger M, Maspoli M C, Wernll H 2003 J. Geophys. Res. 108 8518
[13] Guo P, Kuo Y H, Sokolovskiy S V, Lenschow D H 2011 J. Atmos. Sci. 68 1703
[14] Xu X S, Hong Z J, Liu R J, Guo P 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 2163 (in Chinese) [徐贤胜, 洪振杰, 刘荣建, 郭鹏 2010 物理学报 59 2163]
[15] Wu Y Y, Hong Z J, Guo P, Zheng J 2010 Chinese J. Geophys. 53 1085 (in Chinese) [伍亦亦, 洪振杰, 郭鹏, 郑杰 2010 地球物理学报 53 1085]
[16] Wang Z H, Wang Z, Kang S F, Zhang Y S, He X J 2010 Chinese Journal of Radio Science 25 913 (in Chinese) [王振会, 王喆, 康士峰, 张玉生, 赫晓静 2010 电波科学学报 25 913]
[17] Wei M, OuYang S C 2011 Engineering Sciences 13 49 (in Chinese) [魏鸣, 欧阳首承 2011 中国工程科学 13 49]
[18] World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 1957 WMO Bull. Geneva, Switzerland 1957 134
[19] Mcfarquhar G M, Andrew J 2000 J. Atmos. Sci. 57 1841
[20] Cheng T H, Gu X F, Chen L F, Yu T, Tian G L 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 5323 (in Chinese) [程天海, 顾行发, 陈良富, 余涛, 田国良 2008 物理学报 57 5323]
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[1] Randel W J, Seidel D J, Pan L L 2007 J. Geophys. Res. 112 D07309
[2] Thompson D W J, Wallace J M 1998 Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 1297
[3] Charlton A J, A O'Neill, Lahoz W A, Massacand A C 2004 Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 130 1771
[4] Santer B D, Wehner M F, Wigley T M L, Sausen R, Meehl G A, Taylor K E, Ammann C, Arblaster J, Washington W M, Boyle J S, Bruggemann W 2003 Science 301 479
[5] Randel W J, Seidel D J, Pan L L 2007 J. Geophys. Res. 112 D07309
[6] Anel J A, Antuna J C, de la Torre L, Castanheira J M, Gimeno L 2008 J. Geophys. Res. 113 D00B08
[7] Schmidt T, Beyerle G, Heise S, Wickert J, Rothacher M 2006 Geophys. Res. Lett. 33 L04808
[8] Pan L L, Randel W J, Gille J C, Hall W D, Nardi B, Massie S, Yudin V, Khosravi R, Konopka P, Tarasick D 2009 J. Geophys. Res. 114 D10302
[9] Hall C M, Hansen G, Sigernes F, Kuyeng Ruiz K M 2011 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11 5485
[10] Elbern H, Hendricksand J, Ebel A 1998 Theor. Appl. Climatol. 59 181
[11] Baray J, Daniel V, Ancellet G 2000 Geophys. Res. Lett. 27 353
[12] Sprenger M, Maspoli M C, Wernll H 2003 J. Geophys. Res. 108 8518
[13] Guo P, Kuo Y H, Sokolovskiy S V, Lenschow D H 2011 J. Atmos. Sci. 68 1703
[14] Xu X S, Hong Z J, Liu R J, Guo P 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 2163 (in Chinese) [徐贤胜, 洪振杰, 刘荣建, 郭鹏 2010 物理学报 59 2163]
[15] Wu Y Y, Hong Z J, Guo P, Zheng J 2010 Chinese J. Geophys. 53 1085 (in Chinese) [伍亦亦, 洪振杰, 郭鹏, 郑杰 2010 地球物理学报 53 1085]
[16] Wang Z H, Wang Z, Kang S F, Zhang Y S, He X J 2010 Chinese Journal of Radio Science 25 913 (in Chinese) [王振会, 王喆, 康士峰, 张玉生, 赫晓静 2010 电波科学学报 25 913]
[17] Wei M, OuYang S C 2011 Engineering Sciences 13 49 (in Chinese) [魏鸣, 欧阳首承 2011 中国工程科学 13 49]
[18] World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 1957 WMO Bull. Geneva, Switzerland 1957 134
[19] Mcfarquhar G M, Andrew J 2000 J. Atmos. Sci. 57 1841
[20] Cheng T H, Gu X F, Chen L F, Yu T, Tian G L 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 5323 (in Chinese) [程天海, 顾行发, 陈良富, 余涛, 田国良 2008 物理学报 57 5323]
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