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In the re-entry process of hypersonic vehicle in near space,the violent interaction between the vehicle and the surrounding air will ionize the air and leaves a complex environment in the vicinity of the vehicle surface.Both the flow field and the communication between the vehicle and the controlling center on the earth are significantly affected by the generated plasma layers.This will result in serious system operation problems such as the communication blackout or radio blackout.Numerical modelling is one of the most widely used methods to investigate such complicated physical-chemical processes involving coupled magneto-hydrodynamics,heat transfer,dissociation,ionization,excitation and their reverse processes.Due to the strong collision,non-uniform and non-equilibrium characteristics of the plasma layers formed in the vicinity of the vehicle surface,a self-consistent physical-mathematical model,as well as a database for the transport properties of non-equilibrium plasmas,describing the non-equilibrium features of plasmas is one of the pre-requisites for numerical simulations.This paper focuses on the non-equilibrium plasmas produced near the bluff body surface in the re-entry process of hypersonic vehicles in near space,and a new non-equilibrium plasma model which has been developed previously by our group is employed for conducting two-dimensional (2D) simulations on the characteristics of the non-equilibrium argon plasma jets based on the multiphase gas discharge plasma experimental platform-2015(MPX-2015) established in our laboratory.The modelling is conducted under two different flow conditions, i.e.,the sub-sonic flow condition and the super-sonic flow condition.Under the sub-sonic flow condition,the 2D nonequilibrium modeling results are consistent well with the experimental measurements which validates the reliability of the non-equilibrium physical-mathematical model,as well as the developed computer codes in this study.The modeling results under the super-sonic flow conditions show that the spatial uniformity of the plasma layer surrounding the bluff body,as well as the total heat flux to the bluff body surface from plasmas,decreases significantly with the increase of the plasma jet velocity;while the local electron number density increases in the vicinity of the head of the bluff body, the thickness of the plasma layer surrounding the bluff body first decreases,and then increases.These modelling results provide a theoretical guidance for conducting experimental studies under a super-sonic flow condition on MPX-2015. In the future research,we will extend the physical-mathematical model to investigate of the transient,non-equilibrium features of the air discharge plasmas,and the complicated interactions between the plasma jet and the surrounding air, and/or the downstream bluff body under different operating conditions.Simultaneously,we will also try to develop the in-situ experimental methods to obtain the spatiotemporal distributions of the temperature,velocity and species concentrations in the plasma layer,and conduct a comparison between modelling results and measured data.
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Keywords:
- non-equilibrium plasma /
- compressible plasma jet /
- modeling
[1] Keidar M, Kim M, Boyd I D 2008 J. Spacecr. Rockets 45 445
[2] Morris R A, Bench P M, Golden K E, Sutton E A 1999 37th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit Reno, NV, USA, January 11-14, 1999 AIAA-99-0630
[3] Evans J S, Schexnayder Jr C J, Huber P W 1973 NASA TN D-7332
[4] Gillman E D, Foster J E, Blankson I M 2010 NASA/TM-2010-216220
[5] Rybak J P, Churchill R J 1971 IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 7 879
[6] Mather D E, Pasqual J M, Sillence J P, Lewis P 2005 AIAA/CIRA 13th International Space Planes and Hypersonics Systems and Technologies Conference Capua, Italy, May 16-20, 2005 AIAA-2005-3443
[7] Akey N D 1971 NASA Special Publication 252 19
[8] Watillon P, Berthe P, Chavagnac C 2003 AIAA/ICAS International Air and Space Symposium and Exposition: The Next 100 years Dayton, OH, USA, July 14-17, 2003 AIAA-2003-2913
[9] Shirouzu M, Yamamoto M, Shirouzu M, Yamamoto M 1996 Space Plane and Hypersonic Systems and Technology Conference Norfolk, VA, USA, November 18-22, 1996 AIAA-96-4524-CP
[10] Yanagihara M, Munenaga T 2004 24th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences Yokohama, Japan, August 29-September 3, 2004 p2004-7
[11] Sakurai H, Kobayasi M, Yamazaki I, Shirouzu M, Yamamoto M 1997 Acta Astronaut. 40 105
[12] Auweter Kurtz M, Kurtz H L, Laure S 1996 J. Propul. Power 12 1053
[13] Zhao L, Liu X X, Su H S 2015 J. Telemetry, Tracking and Command 36 28 (in Chinese) [赵良, 刘秀祥, 苏汉生 2015 遥测遥控 36 28]
[14] Hermann T, Löhle S, Zander F, Fulge H, Fasoulas S 2016 J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. 30 673
[15] Guo H, Su Y B, Li H P, Zeng S, Nie Q Y, Li Z X, Li Z H 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 045201 (in Chinese) [郭恒, 苏运波, 李和平, 曾实, 聂秋月, 李占贤, 李志辉 2018 物理学报 67 045201]
[16] Wang Z, Wu G Q, Ge N, Li H P, Bao C Y 2010 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 38 2906
[17] Yao Y, Hossain M M, Watanabe T, Matsuura T, Funabiki F, Yano T 2008 Chem. Eng. J. 139 390
[18] Watanabe T, Liu Y, Tanaka M 2014 Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 34 443
[19] Savino R, Paterna D, Fumo M S, D’Elia M 2010 Open Aero. Eng. J. 3 76
[20] Scalabrin L C, Boyd I D 2006 9th AIAA/ASME Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference San Francisco, CA, USA, June 5-8, 2006 AIAA-2006-3773
[21] Gnoffo P A, Gupta R N, Shinn J L 1989 NASA-TP-2867
[22] Candler G V, MacCormack R W 1991 J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. 5 266
[23] Huang H, Qu Z H 1999 Acta Aerodyn. Sin. 17 462 (in Chinese) [黄华, 瞿章华 1999 空气动力学学报 17 462]
[24] Sun S R, Wang H X 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 143401 (in Chinese) [孙素蓉, 王海兴 2015 物理学报 64 143401]
[25] Wang H X, Sun S R, Chen S Q 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 195203 (in Chinese) [王海兴, 孙素蓉, 陈士强 2012 物理学报 61 195203]
[26] Wang H X, Sun W P, Sun S R, Murphy A B, Ju Y 2014 Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 34 559
[27] Niu C, Chen Z, Rong M, Wang C, Wu Y, Yang F, Wang X, Pang Q 2016 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 49 405204
[28] Wang C, Wu Y, Chen Z, Yang F, Feng Y, Rong M, Zhang H 2016 Plasma Sci. Technol. 18 732
[29] Rat V, Murphy A B, Aubreton J, Elchinger M F, Fauchais P 2008 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41 183001
[30] Zhang X N, Li H P, Murphy A B, Xia W D 2013 Phys. Plasmas 20 033508
[31] Li H P, Zhang X N, Xia W D 2013 Phys. Plasmas 20 033509
[32] Zhang X N, Li H P, Murphy A B, Xia W D 2015 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 24 035011
[33] Zhang X N, Li H P, Xia W D 2013 High Voltage Engineering 39 1640 (in Chinese) [张晓宁, 李和平, 夏维东 2013 高电压技术 39 1640]
[34] Zhang X N 2015 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese) [张晓宁 2015 博士学位论文 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学)]
[35] Tong B G, Kong X Y, Deng G H 1990 Aerodynamics (Beijing: Higher Education Press) p73 (in Chinese) [童秉纲, 孔祥言, 邓国华 1990 气体动力学 (北京: 高等教育出版社) 第73页]
[36] Fang M, Li Z H, Li Z H, Tian Y 2017 Acta Aerodyn. Sin. 35 39 (in Chinese) [方明, 李志辉, 李中华, 田颖 2017 空气动力学学报 35 39]
[37] Li G, Xu Y J, Mu K J, Nie C Q, Zhu J Q, Zhang Y, Li H M 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 6444 (in Chinese) [李钢, 徐燕骥, 穆克进, 聂超群, 朱俊强, 张翼, 李汉明 2008 物理学报 57 6444]
[38] Meng X, Pan W X, Wu C K 2004 J. Eng. Thermophys. 25 490 (in Chinese) [孟显, 潘文霞, 吴承康 2004 工程热物理学报 25 490]
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[1] Keidar M, Kim M, Boyd I D 2008 J. Spacecr. Rockets 45 445
[2] Morris R A, Bench P M, Golden K E, Sutton E A 1999 37th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit Reno, NV, USA, January 11-14, 1999 AIAA-99-0630
[3] Evans J S, Schexnayder Jr C J, Huber P W 1973 NASA TN D-7332
[4] Gillman E D, Foster J E, Blankson I M 2010 NASA/TM-2010-216220
[5] Rybak J P, Churchill R J 1971 IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 7 879
[6] Mather D E, Pasqual J M, Sillence J P, Lewis P 2005 AIAA/CIRA 13th International Space Planes and Hypersonics Systems and Technologies Conference Capua, Italy, May 16-20, 2005 AIAA-2005-3443
[7] Akey N D 1971 NASA Special Publication 252 19
[8] Watillon P, Berthe P, Chavagnac C 2003 AIAA/ICAS International Air and Space Symposium and Exposition: The Next 100 years Dayton, OH, USA, July 14-17, 2003 AIAA-2003-2913
[9] Shirouzu M, Yamamoto M, Shirouzu M, Yamamoto M 1996 Space Plane and Hypersonic Systems and Technology Conference Norfolk, VA, USA, November 18-22, 1996 AIAA-96-4524-CP
[10] Yanagihara M, Munenaga T 2004 24th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences Yokohama, Japan, August 29-September 3, 2004 p2004-7
[11] Sakurai H, Kobayasi M, Yamazaki I, Shirouzu M, Yamamoto M 1997 Acta Astronaut. 40 105
[12] Auweter Kurtz M, Kurtz H L, Laure S 1996 J. Propul. Power 12 1053
[13] Zhao L, Liu X X, Su H S 2015 J. Telemetry, Tracking and Command 36 28 (in Chinese) [赵良, 刘秀祥, 苏汉生 2015 遥测遥控 36 28]
[14] Hermann T, Löhle S, Zander F, Fulge H, Fasoulas S 2016 J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. 30 673
[15] Guo H, Su Y B, Li H P, Zeng S, Nie Q Y, Li Z X, Li Z H 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 045201 (in Chinese) [郭恒, 苏运波, 李和平, 曾实, 聂秋月, 李占贤, 李志辉 2018 物理学报 67 045201]
[16] Wang Z, Wu G Q, Ge N, Li H P, Bao C Y 2010 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 38 2906
[17] Yao Y, Hossain M M, Watanabe T, Matsuura T, Funabiki F, Yano T 2008 Chem. Eng. J. 139 390
[18] Watanabe T, Liu Y, Tanaka M 2014 Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 34 443
[19] Savino R, Paterna D, Fumo M S, D’Elia M 2010 Open Aero. Eng. J. 3 76
[20] Scalabrin L C, Boyd I D 2006 9th AIAA/ASME Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference San Francisco, CA, USA, June 5-8, 2006 AIAA-2006-3773
[21] Gnoffo P A, Gupta R N, Shinn J L 1989 NASA-TP-2867
[22] Candler G V, MacCormack R W 1991 J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. 5 266
[23] Huang H, Qu Z H 1999 Acta Aerodyn. Sin. 17 462 (in Chinese) [黄华, 瞿章华 1999 空气动力学学报 17 462]
[24] Sun S R, Wang H X 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 143401 (in Chinese) [孙素蓉, 王海兴 2015 物理学报 64 143401]
[25] Wang H X, Sun S R, Chen S Q 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 195203 (in Chinese) [王海兴, 孙素蓉, 陈士强 2012 物理学报 61 195203]
[26] Wang H X, Sun W P, Sun S R, Murphy A B, Ju Y 2014 Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 34 559
[27] Niu C, Chen Z, Rong M, Wang C, Wu Y, Yang F, Wang X, Pang Q 2016 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 49 405204
[28] Wang C, Wu Y, Chen Z, Yang F, Feng Y, Rong M, Zhang H 2016 Plasma Sci. Technol. 18 732
[29] Rat V, Murphy A B, Aubreton J, Elchinger M F, Fauchais P 2008 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41 183001
[30] Zhang X N, Li H P, Murphy A B, Xia W D 2013 Phys. Plasmas 20 033508
[31] Li H P, Zhang X N, Xia W D 2013 Phys. Plasmas 20 033509
[32] Zhang X N, Li H P, Murphy A B, Xia W D 2015 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 24 035011
[33] Zhang X N, Li H P, Xia W D 2013 High Voltage Engineering 39 1640 (in Chinese) [张晓宁, 李和平, 夏维东 2013 高电压技术 39 1640]
[34] Zhang X N 2015 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese) [张晓宁 2015 博士学位论文 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学)]
[35] Tong B G, Kong X Y, Deng G H 1990 Aerodynamics (Beijing: Higher Education Press) p73 (in Chinese) [童秉纲, 孔祥言, 邓国华 1990 气体动力学 (北京: 高等教育出版社) 第73页]
[36] Fang M, Li Z H, Li Z H, Tian Y 2017 Acta Aerodyn. Sin. 35 39 (in Chinese) [方明, 李志辉, 李中华, 田颖 2017 空气动力学学报 35 39]
[37] Li G, Xu Y J, Mu K J, Nie C Q, Zhu J Q, Zhang Y, Li H M 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 6444 (in Chinese) [李钢, 徐燕骥, 穆克进, 聂超群, 朱俊强, 张翼, 李汉明 2008 物理学报 57 6444]
[38] Meng X, Pan W X, Wu C K 2004 J. Eng. Thermophys. 25 490 (in Chinese) [孟显, 潘文霞, 吴承康 2004 工程热物理学报 25 490]
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