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The relativistic backward-wave oscillator has been considered to be one of the most promising high-power microwave devices. As the output microwave power is further increased, the breakdown phenomenon inside the relativistic backward-wave oscillator, including the collector pole, becomes more and more serious, which eventually leads to the pulse shortening, becoming a biggest obstacle to the development of the device with high power and high energy. Such a problem has also been one of the important issues which constrain its development. Based on the 2.5D particle-in-cell simulation software, i.e. UNIPIC-2D developed by our research group, in this paper the dynamic gassing model is used to study the effects of the relativistic backward-wave oscillator collector breakdown process and the guiding magnetic field under different outgassing coefficients. The result of particle simulation demonstrates that as the electrons continue to bombard the collector, the surface pressure of the collector is increased, and gas ionization occurs. The generated plasma enters into the slow-wave structure along the guiding magnetic field, thus affecting the beam-wave interaction process and causing the output power to drop. With the increase of the gas release coefficient, the pulse shortening phenomenon becomes more and more obvious. In the case of low guiding magnetic field, the breakdown and pulse shortening are alleviated.
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Keywords:
- relativistic backward-wave oscillator /
- collector /
- pulse shortening /
- breakdown
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图 1 RBWO收集极释气的PIC/MCC模拟流程图
Figure 1. PIC/MCC simulation flow chart for RBWO collecting extremely outgassing.
图 2 3.4 T引导磁场RBWO示意图
Figure 2. 3.4 T-guide magnetic field RBWO schematic.
图 3 无释气情况下3.4 T RBWO输出功率
Figure 3. 3.4 T RBWO output power without outgassing.
图 4 不同释气系数λ下输出功率对比
Figure 4. Output power comparison under different outgassing coefficients λ.
图 5 无释气情况下的模拟结果 (a)电子实空间分布(b)电子z-Vz相空间分布
Figure 5. Simulation results without outgassing: (a) Electronic real-time spatial distribution; (b) electronic z-Vz phase spatial distribution
图 6 释气系数λ = 2情况下的模拟结果 (a)电子实空间分布; (b)电子相空间分布; (c)−(f)分别为4, 16, 28, 40 ns时离子实空间分布; (g)收集极表面气压随时间的变化
Figure 6. Simulation result with outgassing coefficient λ of 2: (a) Electronic real-time spatial distribution; (b) electronic phase spatial distribution; (c)−(f) polar space distribution at 4, 16, 28, 40 ns; (g) surface pressure curve over time.
图 7 λ = 2时慢电子占空间电子总数的比率
Figure 7. Ratio of slow electrons to the total number of space electrons at λ = 2.
图 8 微波输出功率以及脉宽随释气系数λ的变化
Figure 8. Relationship of microwave output power and pulse width to outgassing coefficient λ.
图 9 不同释气系数下40 ns时刻RBWO收集极表面气压(一个网格内的平均气压)的模拟结果
Figure 9. Simulation results of RBWO collector surface pressure (average pressure in a grid) at 40 ns with different outgassing coefficients.
图 10 不同引导磁场下无释气情况与λ = 2时平均输出功率的对比图
Figure 10. Comparison of the average output power with no outgassing and λ = 2 under different guiding magnetic fields.
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[1] Barker R J, Schamiloglu E 2001 High-Power Microwave Sources and Technologies (Piscataway, New Jersey: IEEE Press) pp310–380
[2] 宫玉彬, 张章, 魏彦玉, 孟凡宝, 范植开, 王文祥 2004 物理学报 53 3990
Google Scholar
Gong Y B, Zhang Z, Wei Y Y, Meng F B, Fan Z K, Wang W X 2004 Acta Phys. Sin. 53 3990
Google Scholar
[3] Li X Z, Wang J G, Song Z M, Chen C H, Sun J, Zhang X W, Zhang Y C 2012 Phys. Plasmas 19 83111
Google Scholar
[4] 李小泽, 王建国, 童长江, 张海 2008 物理学报 57 4613
Google Scholar
Li X Z, Wang J G, Tong C J, Zhang H 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 4613
Google Scholar
[5] Benford J, Benford G 1997 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 25 311
Google Scholar
[6] Insepov Z, Norem J, Vetizer S, Mahalingam S 2011 AIP Conf. Proc. 1406 523
[7] Cao Y B, Song Z M, Wu P, Fan Z Q, Zhang Y C, Teng Y, Sun J 2017 Phys. Plasmas 24 033109
Google Scholar
[8] Korovin S D, Mesyats G A, Pegel I V, Polevin S D, Tarakanov V P 2000 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 28 485
Google Scholar
[9] Xiao R Z, Chen C H, Deng Y Q, Cao Y B, Sun J, Li J W 2016 Phys. Plasmas 23 063114
Google Scholar
[10] Zhang J, Jin Z X, Yang J H, Zhong H H, et al. 2011 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 39 1438
Google Scholar
[11] Kovalev N F, Nechaev V E, Petelin M I 1998 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 26 246
Google Scholar
[12] 梁玉钦, 邵浩, 孙钧, 等 2014 强激光与粒子束 26 26063010
Liang Y Q, Shao H, Sun J, et al. 2014 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 26 26063010
[13] Miao T Z, Bai X C, Sun J, Zhang X W, Cao Y B, Wu P, Shi Y C, Shao H 2017 Phys. Plasmas 24 123106
Google Scholar
[14] 傅竹风, 胡友秋 1995 空间等离子体数值模拟 (合肥: 安徽科学技术出版社) 第433−476页
Fu Z F, Hu Y Q 1995 Numerical Simulation of Space Plasma (Hefei: Anhui Science and Technology Publishers) pp433−476 (in Chinese)
[15] Wang J G, Zhang D H, Liu C L, Li Y D, Wang Y, Wang H G, Qiao H L, Li X Z 2009 Phys. Plasmas 16 033108
Google Scholar
[16] Bird R B, Lightfoot E N, Stewart W E 1961 AIChE J. 7 5J
[17] Birdsall C K 1991 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 19 65
Google Scholar
[18] Wang H G, Li Y D, Liu C L, Zhou Y, Liu M Q 2010 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 38 2062
Google Scholar
[19] IAEA http://www-amdis.iaea.org/ALADDIN [2019-4-15]
[20] 董烨, 董志伟, 周前红, 杨温渊, 周海京 2014 物理学报 63 027901
Google Scholar
Dong Y, Dong Z W, Zhou Q H, Yang W Y, Zhou H J 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 027901
Google Scholar
[21] 蔡利兵, 王建国 2011 物理学报 60 025217
Google Scholar
Cai L B, Wang J G 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 025217
Google Scholar
[22] Vaughan R M 1988 IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 35 1172
Google Scholar
[23] 杨文晋, 李永东, 刘纯亮 2013 物理学报 62 087901
Google Scholar
Yang W J, Li Y D, Liu C L 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 087901
Google Scholar
[24] 李姝敏, 李永东, 刘震 2017 强激光与粒子束 29 29063001
Li S M, Li Y D, Liu Z 2017 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 29 29063001
[25] 邵剑波, 马乔生, 谢鸿全, 李正红 2015 微波学报 31 62
Shao J B, Ma Q S, Xie H Q, Li X H 2015 J. Microw. 31 62
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