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Quantum light field is very important source in quantum optics and quantum precision measurement, and the generation of quantum state of light is significant in quantum storage, quantum metrology and studying the interaction between nonclassical light and matter. The polarization squeezed light near the atomic transition has great potential applications in the precise measurement of magnetic field as its Stokes parameter’s noise is less than the standard quantum limit (SQL). Therefore, it is very important to generate the polarization squeezed light at atomic transition. We report in this paper the experiment on generating the bright polarization squeezed light at cesium D2 line based on an optical parametric amplifier (OPA). The experimental system includes the following three parts: 1) a second harmonic generator (SHG), 2) an OPA, and 3) a detection system. The OPA has a similar structure to the SHG system with four-mirror ring cavity in which only the fundamental wave is resonant. A nonlinear type-I periodically-poled KTiOPO4 (PPKTP) crystal with a size of 1 mm × 2 mm × 20 mm is placed in the center of the cavity waist and its temperature is precisely controlled. The OPA is pumped by the 426 nm blue light which is generated by SHG and this OPA is operating below the threshold. The squeezed light at cesium D2 line is produced when the crystal temperature is at its optimum phase-matching temperature and the OPA cavity is stabilized based on resonance. The generated squeezed light is combined with the coherent light on a polarizing beam splitter (PBS) to obtain the polarized squeezed light for either
${\hat S_2} $ or${\hat S_3} $ of the Stokes parameter by controlling the type of squeezed light (parametric amplification or de-amplification) and the relative phase (0 or π/2) of two beams. And for${\hat S_1} $ , the amplitude-squeezed light (corresponding to parametric de-amplification) is the${\hat S_1} $ squeezed light. The maximum squeezing of 4.3 dB (actually 5.2 dB) is observed in a bandwidth range of 2-10 MHz. At present, the squeezing is mainly limited by the escape efficiency of OPA and the detection efficiency, and the OPA escape efficiency is mainly limited by the blue-light-induced loss of PPKTP crystal and the thermal effect of crystal. In the optical atomic magnetometer, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the system can effectively improve the sensitivity of the magnetic field measurement. This bright polarization squeezed light is expected to be used in the optical cesium atomic magnetometer to improve the sensitivity of the magnetometer.[1] Appel J, Figueroa E, Korystov D, Lobino M, Lvovsky A I 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 093602Google Scholar
[2] Goda K, Miyakawa O, Mikhailov E E, Saraf S, Adhikari R, McKenzie K, Ward R, Vass S, Weinstein A J, Mavalvala N 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 472Google Scholar
[3] Polzik E S, Carri J, Kimble H J 1992 Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 3020Google Scholar
[4] Slusher R E, Hollberg L W, Yurke B, Mertz J C, Valley J F 1985 Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 2409Google Scholar
[5] Seshadreesan K P, Anisimov P M, Lee H, Dowling J P 2011 New J. Phys. 13 083026Google Scholar
[6] Hou L L, Sui Y X, Wang S, Xu X F 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 044203Google Scholar
[7] Kr4420 1990 Phys. Rev. A 42 4177Google Scholar
[8] Gao J R, Cui F Y, Xue C Y, Xie C D, Peng K C 1998 Opt. Lett. 23 870Google Scholar
[9] Hong C K, Mandel L 1985 Phys. Rev. A 32 974Google Scholar
[10] Bowen W P, Schnabel R, Bachor H A, Lam P K 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 093601Google Scholar
[11] Zhang T C, Hou Z J, Wang J M, Xie C D, Peng K C 1996 Chin. Phys. Lett. 13 734Google Scholar
[12] Andersen U L, Gehring T, Marquardt C, Leuchs G 2016 Phys. Scr. 91 053001Google Scholar
[13] Wolfgramm F, Cerè A, Beduini F A, Predojević A, Koschorreck M, Mitchell M W 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 053601Google Scholar
[14] Grangier P, Slusher R E, Yurke B, LaPorta A 1987 Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 2153Google Scholar
[15] Chirkin A S, Orlov A A, Parashchuk D Y 1993 Quantum Electron. 23 870Google Scholar
[16] Hald J, Sørensen J L, Schori C, Polzik E S 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 1319Google Scholar
[17] Wu L, Yan Z H, Liu Y H, Deng R J, Jia X J, Xie C D, Peng K C 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 161102Google Scholar
[18] Yan Z H, Wu L, Jia X J, Liu Y H, Deng R J, Li S J, Wang H, Xie C D, Peng K C 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 718Google Scholar
[19] Wen X, Han Y S, Liu J Y, He J, Wang J M 2017 Opt. Express 25 020737Google Scholar
[20] Heersink J, Gaber T, Lorenz S, Glöckl O, Korolkova N, Leuchs G 2003 Phys. Rev. A 68 013815Google Scholar
[21] Barreiro S, Valente P, Failache H, Lezama A 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 033851Google Scholar
[22] Bowen W P, Treps N, Buchler B C et al. 2003 Phys. Rev. A 67 032302
[23] Agha I H, Messin G, Grangier P 2010 Opt. Express 18 4198Google Scholar
[24] Matsko A B, Novikova I, Welch G R, Budker D, Kimball D F, Rochester S M 2002 Phys. Rev. A 66 043815Google Scholar
[25] Vahlbruch H, Mehmet M, Danzmann K, Schnabel R 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 110801Google Scholar
[26] Korolkova N, Leuchs G, Loudon R, Ralph T C, Silberhorn C 2002 Phys. Rev. A 65 052306Google Scholar
[27] Schnabel R, Bowen W P, Treps N, Ralph T C, Bachor H-A, Lam P K 2003 Phys. Rev. A 67 012316Google Scholar
[28] 田剑锋 2018 博士学位论文(太原: 山西大学)
Tian J F 2018 Ph. D. Dissertation (Taiyuan: Shanxi University) (in Chinese)
[29] Tian J F, Zuo G H, Zhang Y C, Li G, Zhang P F, Zhang T C 2017 Chin. Phys. B 26 124206Google Scholar
[30] Tian J F, Yang C, Xue J, Zhang Y C, Li G, Zhang T C 2016 J. Opt. 18 055506Google Scholar
[31] Boyd G D, Kleinman D A 1968 J. Appl. Phys. 39 3597Google Scholar
[32] Black E D 2001 Am. J. Phys. 69 79Google Scholar
[33] Zhang T C, Goh K W, Chou C W, Lodahl P, Kimble H J 2003 Phys. Rev. A 67 033802Google Scholar
[34] Hansson G, Karlsson H, Wang S, Laurell F 2000 Appl. Opt. 39 5058Google Scholar
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图 2 四个斯托克斯参量的测量装置. PBS, 偏振分束棱镜;
$\lambda /2$ 和$\lambda /4$ 分别是半波片和四分之波片; 加号和减号分别代表电流信号相加减; SA, 频谱分析仪Figure 2. Apparatus required to measure four Stokes parameters. PBS, polarizing beam splitter;
$\lambda /2$ and$\lambda /4$ , half-and quarter-wave plates, respectively; the plus and minus signs imply that an electrical sum or difference has been taken; SA, Spectrum analyzer.图 7 不同斯托克斯参量的噪声测量结果. 其中左图是测量的斯托克斯参量的噪声谱, 已归一化到标准量子噪声基准. 右图是与之对应的噪声分布球及投影噪声分布, 其中蓝色椭球体代表噪声球, 椭圆表示噪声球投影到各个面上的噪声分布. 红色虚线表示相干光对应的噪声, 蓝色实线表示偏振压缩光 (a)
${\hat S_2}$ 压缩; (b)${\hat S_3}$ 压缩; (c)${\hat S_1}$ 压缩Figure 7. Measured noise results for different Stokes parameters. The results on the left are the measured variance spectra of Stokes parameters normalized to quantum noise limit. The results on the right are the corresponding diagrammatic illustration of the Stokes parameters’ variance ellipsoid, and the blue ellipsoid is the noise ball, and these ellipses are the noise projections at each plane. The red dashed circles represent the noise of the coherent state and the blue solid circles show the squeezing. (a) Squeezing for Stokes parameter
${\hat S_2}$ ; (b) Squeezing for Stokes parameter${\hat S_3}$ ; (c) Squeezing for Stokes parameter${\hat S_1}$ .表 1 影响OPA产生压缩和探测过程的实验参数
Table 1. Factors of effecting squeezing from the OPA and the detection system.
参数 值 传输效率 0.99 量子效率 0.95 干涉效率 0.986 逃逸率 0.73 归一化泵浦因子 0.71 归一化测量频率 0.18 -
[1] Appel J, Figueroa E, Korystov D, Lobino M, Lvovsky A I 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 093602Google Scholar
[2] Goda K, Miyakawa O, Mikhailov E E, Saraf S, Adhikari R, McKenzie K, Ward R, Vass S, Weinstein A J, Mavalvala N 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 472Google Scholar
[3] Polzik E S, Carri J, Kimble H J 1992 Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 3020Google Scholar
[4] Slusher R E, Hollberg L W, Yurke B, Mertz J C, Valley J F 1985 Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 2409Google Scholar
[5] Seshadreesan K P, Anisimov P M, Lee H, Dowling J P 2011 New J. Phys. 13 083026Google Scholar
[6] Hou L L, Sui Y X, Wang S, Xu X F 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 044203Google Scholar
[7] Kr4420 1990 Phys. Rev. A 42 4177Google Scholar
[8] Gao J R, Cui F Y, Xue C Y, Xie C D, Peng K C 1998 Opt. Lett. 23 870Google Scholar
[9] Hong C K, Mandel L 1985 Phys. Rev. A 32 974Google Scholar
[10] Bowen W P, Schnabel R, Bachor H A, Lam P K 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 093601Google Scholar
[11] Zhang T C, Hou Z J, Wang J M, Xie C D, Peng K C 1996 Chin. Phys. Lett. 13 734Google Scholar
[12] Andersen U L, Gehring T, Marquardt C, Leuchs G 2016 Phys. Scr. 91 053001Google Scholar
[13] Wolfgramm F, Cerè A, Beduini F A, Predojević A, Koschorreck M, Mitchell M W 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 053601Google Scholar
[14] Grangier P, Slusher R E, Yurke B, LaPorta A 1987 Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 2153Google Scholar
[15] Chirkin A S, Orlov A A, Parashchuk D Y 1993 Quantum Electron. 23 870Google Scholar
[16] Hald J, Sørensen J L, Schori C, Polzik E S 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 1319Google Scholar
[17] Wu L, Yan Z H, Liu Y H, Deng R J, Jia X J, Xie C D, Peng K C 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 161102Google Scholar
[18] Yan Z H, Wu L, Jia X J, Liu Y H, Deng R J, Li S J, Wang H, Xie C D, Peng K C 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 718Google Scholar
[19] Wen X, Han Y S, Liu J Y, He J, Wang J M 2017 Opt. Express 25 020737Google Scholar
[20] Heersink J, Gaber T, Lorenz S, Glöckl O, Korolkova N, Leuchs G 2003 Phys. Rev. A 68 013815Google Scholar
[21] Barreiro S, Valente P, Failache H, Lezama A 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 033851Google Scholar
[22] Bowen W P, Treps N, Buchler B C et al. 2003 Phys. Rev. A 67 032302
[23] Agha I H, Messin G, Grangier P 2010 Opt. Express 18 4198Google Scholar
[24] Matsko A B, Novikova I, Welch G R, Budker D, Kimball D F, Rochester S M 2002 Phys. Rev. A 66 043815Google Scholar
[25] Vahlbruch H, Mehmet M, Danzmann K, Schnabel R 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 110801Google Scholar
[26] Korolkova N, Leuchs G, Loudon R, Ralph T C, Silberhorn C 2002 Phys. Rev. A 65 052306Google Scholar
[27] Schnabel R, Bowen W P, Treps N, Ralph T C, Bachor H-A, Lam P K 2003 Phys. Rev. A 67 012316Google Scholar
[28] 田剑锋 2018 博士学位论文(太原: 山西大学)
Tian J F 2018 Ph. D. Dissertation (Taiyuan: Shanxi University) (in Chinese)
[29] Tian J F, Zuo G H, Zhang Y C, Li G, Zhang P F, Zhang T C 2017 Chin. Phys. B 26 124206Google Scholar
[30] Tian J F, Yang C, Xue J, Zhang Y C, Li G, Zhang T C 2016 J. Opt. 18 055506Google Scholar
[31] Boyd G D, Kleinman D A 1968 J. Appl. Phys. 39 3597Google Scholar
[32] Black E D 2001 Am. J. Phys. 69 79Google Scholar
[33] Zhang T C, Goh K W, Chou C W, Lodahl P, Kimble H J 2003 Phys. Rev. A 67 033802Google Scholar
[34] Hansson G, Karlsson H, Wang S, Laurell F 2000 Appl. Opt. 39 5058Google Scholar
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