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The upconversion (UC) emission properties of rare-earth ions are not only dependent on the host materials, but also relate to the excitation conditions. In this work, taking the Ho3+ ions for example, upconversion emission properties are studied in two NaYF4 and LiYF4 fluoride microcrystals through changing excitation conditions, namely the excitation power and the sample environment. The NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ and NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ microcrystal are synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The typical X-ray diffraction patterns of NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ and LiYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ microcrystal indicate that the prepared samples possess pure hexagonal phase NaYF4 structure and the pure tetragonal phase LiYF4 structure with high crystallinity, respectively. Most of NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ microcrystals show uniform and regular rod shape with diameter and length of approximately 3 μm and 10 μm, respectively. Few rods with a length of approximately 5 μm are also observed. The LiYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ microcrystals are all octahedral in shape with a smooth surface, the average size is around 10 μm. The spectral peculiarities of Ho3+ are investigated by using confocal microscopy equipment under near infrared 980 nm excitation. Beautiful patterns with different upconversion emissions of Ho3+ are discovered in single NaYF4 and LiYF4 microcrystal. As the excitation power increases, the upconversion emission of Ho3+ turns from green to pink in single NaYF4 microrods due to the cross-relaxation between Ho3+ and the energy back transfer from Ho3+ to Yb3+. However, in single LiYF4:Ho3+ microcrystal no similar phenomenon is observed. Nevertheless, when the powder of NaYF4 and LiYF4 microcrystals are excited by a 980 nm laser, increasing the power can turn the output colours of Ho3+ all green. Because particles outside the laser radiation are not directly covered by the laser, most of them are excited by the scattered light from the laser, and the actual excitation energy is low compared with at the center position. This result can be proved in the single NaYF4 and LiYF4 microcrystal under low excitation power. Thus, the results indicate that UC emission of rare-earth ions is controlled by changing the excitation condition. Using the new testing methods we can not only observe more interesting spectral phenomena, but also find a new way to further study its luminescence mechanism.
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Keywords:
- NaYF4 /
- LiYF4 /
- upconversion /
- fluorescent regulation
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图 5 在980 nm激光激发下, 单颗粒(a) NaYF4:20.0%Yb3+/2.0%Ho3+微米晶体和(b) LiYF4:20.0%Yb3+/2.0%Ho3+微米晶的上转换发射与其激发功率的依赖关系, 插图为其对应光谱图案; (c)和(d)为对应不用激发功率下的峰面积, 插图为其随激发功率变化的红绿比图
Figure 5. (a), (b) Upconversion emission spectra and corresponding optical micrographs, (c), (d) the peak area of the green and red emission intensity and corresponding R/G ratio of single NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ (a), (c) and LiYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ (b), (d) microcrystal with excitation power densities increasing from 20 mW to 100 mW.
图 6 在980 nm激光激发下 (a) NaYF4:20.0%Yb3+/2.0%Ho3+微米粉末和(b) LiYF4:20.0%Yb3+/2.0%Ho3+微米粉末的上转换发射与其激发功率的依赖关系, 插图为其对应发光光谱图案; (c)和(d)为对应不用激发功率下的峰面积图, 插图为其随激发功率变化的红绿比图
Figure 6. (a), (b) UC emission spectra and corresponding optical micrographs, (c), (d) the peak area of the green and red emission intensity and corresponding R/G ratio of cluster NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ (a), (c) and LiYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Ho3+ (b), (d) microcrystals with excitation power densities increasing from 20 mW to 100 mW.
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[1] Deng R, Qin F, Chen R, Huang W, Hong M, Liu X 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 237
Google Scholar
[2] Sang J K, Zhou J Y, Zhang J C, Zhou H, Li H H, Ci Z P, Peng S L, Wang Z F 2019 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 20150
Google Scholar
[3] Wang Y H, Ohwaki J 1993 Appl. Phys. Lett. 63 3268
Google Scholar
[4] Strassel K, Ramanandan S P, Abdolhosseinzadeh S, Diethelm M, Nuesch F, Hany R 2019 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 23428
Google Scholar
[5] Park Y I, Lee K T, Suh Y D, Hyeon T 2015 Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 1302
Google Scholar
[6] Feng Y S, Wu Y N, Zuo J, Tu L P, Quec I, Chang Y L, Cruzc L J, Chanc A, Zhang H 2019 Biomaterials 201 33
[7] Huang B L, Dong H, Wong K L, Sun L D, Yan C H 2016 J. Phys. Chem. C 120 18858
Google Scholar
[8] Niu N, Yang P P, He F, Zhang X, Gai S L, Li C X, Lin J 2012 J. Mater. Chem. 22 10889
Google Scholar
[9] Chen D Q, Yu Y L, Huang F, Yang A P, Wang Y S 2011 J. Mater. Chem. 21 6186
Google Scholar
[10] Gao W, Wang R, Han Q, Dong J, Yan L, Zheng H 2015 J. Phys. Chem. C 119 2349
[11] Huang P, Zheng W, Zhou S Y, Tu D T, Chen Z, Zhu H M, Li R F, Ma E, Huang M D, Chen X Y 2014 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53 1252
Google Scholar
[12] Zhou J J, Chen G X, Wu E, Bi G, Wu B T, Teng Y, Zhou S F, Qiu J R 2013 Nano Lett. 13 2241
Google Scholar
[13] Ma C S, Xu X X, Wang F, Zhou Z G, Liu D M, Zhao J B, Guan M, Lang C I, Jin Y D 2017 Nano. Lett. 17 2858
Google Scholar
[14] Han Q Y, Zhang C Y, Wang C, Wang Z J, Li C X, Gao W, Dong J, He E J, Zhang Z L, Zheng H R 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 5371
Google Scholar
[15] Chen B, Kong W, Liu Y, Lu Y H, Li M Y, Qiao X S, Fan X P, Wang F 2017 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56 10383
Google Scholar
[16] Gao D L, Zhang X Y, Pang Q, Zhao J, Xiao G Q, Tian D 2018 J. Mater. Chem. C 6 8011
Google Scholar
[17] Gao D L, Zhao D, Xin H, Cai A J, Zhang X Y 2019 J. Mater. Chem. C 7 11879
Google Scholar
[18] Chen G Y, Liu H C, Somesfalean G, Liang H J, Zhang Z G 2009 Nanotechnology 20 385704
Google Scholar
[19] Wu S J, Duan N, Li X L, Tan G L, Ma X Y, Xia Y, Wang Z P, Wang H X 2013 Talanta 116 611
Google Scholar
[20] Tao F, Pan F, Wang Z J, Cai W L, Yao L Z 2010 CrystEngComm 12 4263
Google Scholar
[21] 高伟, 董军, 王瑞博, 王朝晋, 郑海荣 2016 物理学报 65 084205
Google Scholar
Ga oW, Dong J, Wang R B, Wang Z J, Zheng H R 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 084205
Google Scholar
[22] Gao W, Zheng H R, Han Q Y, He E J, Gao F Q, Wang R B 2014 J. Mater. Chem. C 2 5327
Google Scholar
[23] Dominika P, Anna E, Bartosz F G, Tomasz G 2019 Sci. Rep. 9 8669
Google Scholar
[24] Tan X J, Xu S L, Liu F H, Wang X Y, Goodman B A. Xiong D K, Deng W 2019 J. Lumin. 209 95
Google Scholar
[25] Gao D L, Wang D, Zhang X Y, Feng X J, Xin H, Yun S N, Tian D P 2018 J. Mater. Chem. C 6 622
Google Scholar
[26] Dai X, Lei L, Xia J, Han X, Hua Y, Xu S 2018 J. Alloys Compd. 766 261
Google Scholar
[27] Schmidt T, Müller G, Spanhel L, Kerkel K, Forchel A 1998 Chem. Mater. 10 65
Google Scholar
[28] Chen X P, Zhang Q Y, Yang C H, Chen D D, Zhao C 2009 Spectrochim. Acta., Part A 74 441
Google Scholar
[29] Gao D L, Zhang X Y, Zheng H R, Gao W, He E J 2013 J. Alloys Compd. 554 395
[30] Sangeetha N M, van Veggel F C J M 2009 J. Phys. Chem. C 113 14702
Google Scholar
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