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An annular groove (AG) structure with depth gradient is proposed which can manipulate the spatial distribution of the acoustic scattering field for a finite rigid cylinder in water. An analytical analysis is given for better understanding the underlying mechanism of the abnormal scattered wave, which can be accomplished by using the phased array theory. When the plane acoustic wave is normally incident, the scattering acoustic wave in the transverse direction of the cylinder deflects, which is due to the interaction between the phase delay modulated by the AG structure with varying groove depths and the Bragg scattering of adjacent grooves. The finite element method is used to calculate the acoustic scattering field of a finite rigid cylinder with annular grooves and obtain the frequency and spatial distribution characteristics. How the structural parameters such as depth, gradient, and duty ratio of the annular grooves affect the acoustic scattering field is discussed in detail. The results show that the target strength in the transverse direction decreases linearly with duty ratio increasing while the target strength in the deflection direction of the acoustic wave increases with the duty ratio until δ = 30%, after which it remains almost constant. When the incident acoustic wave is fixed, the acoustic scattering wave of the AG cylinder can be deflected by designing the gradient appropriately, and the deflection direction is independent of the frequency. Numerical and experimental results for a cylinder with multiple annular-groove units show that the spatial directivity of the scattering field of the grooved cylinder changes, and the target strength is enhanced at six pre-designed deflection angles. Meanwhile, the deflected acoustic wave has a certain width and the interference among periodic structures of the AG units exists, which makes the spatial directivity of the scattering field of the cylinder equalize and changes the scattering characteristics of the cylinder, thereby providing a theoretical basis for designing three-dimensional underwater objects each with an acoustic stealth.
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Keywords:
- annular grooves /
- acoustic deflection /
- cylinder /
- acoustic scattering
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Cheng J C 2019 Acoustical Principle (Beijing: Science Press) pp89−90 (in Chinese)
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Tang W L, Chen D Z 1988 Acta. Acustica. 1 29
[30] 汤渭霖, 范军, 马忠诚 2018 水中目标声散射 (北京: 科学出版社) 第55−66页
Tang W L, Fan J, Ma Z C 2018 Acoustic Scattering of Underwater Targets (Beijing: Science Press) pp55−66 (in Chinese)
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图 1 (a)具有环形凹槽结构圆柱示意图; (b)蓝色虚线框局部放大; (c)圆柱散射声场收发分置示意图
Figure 1. (a) Schematic illustration of an annular groove cylinder; (b) details of the blue dotted box; (c) bistatic diagram of simulation
图 2 频率-角度谱 （a)刚性圆柱; (b)环形凹槽结构圆柱
Figure 2. Frequency-angle spectra of target strength of the finite: (a) Rigid cylinder; (b) annular groove cylinder
图 3 凹槽圆柱归一化指向性函数频率-角度谱
Figure 3. Frequency-angle spectra of the normalized directional factors for the annular groove cylinder by Eq. (5)
图 4 频率f = 80 kHz占空比δ = 0和δ = 83.3%凹槽圆柱目标强度空间指向性
Figure 4. Spatial directivity of target strength of the annular groove cylinder with δ = 0 and 83.3% at f = 80 kHz.
图 5 f = 80 kHz, 不同占空比凹槽圆柱在45°和90°方位目标强度
Figure 5. Target strength of the annular groove cylinder with varying δ in the 45° and 90° direction at f = 80 kHz.
图 6 f = 80 kHz, 不同梯度环形凹槽结构圆柱目标强度空间指向性
Figure 6. Spatial directivity of target strength of the annular groove cylinder with different g at f = 80 kHz.
图 7 6个环形凹槽单元组合圆柱目标强度指向性, f = 80 kHz
Figure 7. Spatial directivity of target strength of the cylinder with six annular groove units at f = 80 kHz
图 8 实验模型
Figure 8. Experimental models.
图 9 实验装置布放图
Figure 9. Diagram of experimental system setup.
图 10 时间-角度谱 (a)刚性圆柱; (b)环形凹槽单元组合圆柱
Figure 10. Time-angle spectra: (a) Rigid cylinder; (b) annular groove cylinder.
图 11 凹槽单元组合圆柱目标强度频率-角度谱 (a)数值计算结果; (b)实验结果; (c) 6个凹槽单元圆柱二维图
Figure 11. Frequency-angle spectra of target strength for annular groove cylinder: (a) Numerical result; (b) experimental result; (c) 2-D geometry of the annular groove cylinder.
图 12 频率f = 80 kHz凹槽圆柱目标强度指向性
Figure 12. The normalized directivity of target strength for cylinder with six annular groove units at f = 80 kHz
图 13 频率f = 80 kHz圆柱和凹槽圆柱目标强度实验结果对比
Figure 13. The comparison of target strength in experiment between cylinder and annular groove cylinder at f = 80 kHz
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[1] Li Y, Liang B, Gu Z M, Zou X Y, Cheng J C 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 2546
Google Scholar
[2] Zhao J J, Li B W, Chen Z N, Qiu C W 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 2537
Google Scholar
[3] Zhao J J, Li B W, Chen Z N, Qiu C W 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 151604
Google Scholar
[4] Li Y, Xue J, Li R Q, Liang B, Zou X Y, Yin L L, Cheng J C 2014 Phys. Rev. Appl. 2 064002
Google Scholar
[5] Mei J, Wu Y 2014 New J. Phys. 16 123007
Google Scholar
[6] Fan X D, Zhu Y F, Liang B, Yang J, Cheng J C 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 243501
Google Scholar
[7] Zhu Y F, Fan X D, Liang B, Yang J, Yang J, Yin L L, Cheng J C 2016 AIP Adv. 6 121702
Google Scholar
[8] Ye Y T, Ke M Z, Li Y X, Wang T, Liu Z Y 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 114 154504
Google Scholar
[9] Chen J, Sun Z Q, Fan Z 2019 Appl. Phys. Lett. 114 254102
Google Scholar
[10] Li J F, Wang W Q, Xie Y B, Popa B I, Cummer S A 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 091908
Google Scholar
[11] Long H Y, Cheng Y, Liu X J 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 111 143502
Google Scholar
[12] Long H Y, Gao S X, Cheng Y, Liu X J 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 112 033507
Google Scholar
[13] Li Y and M. Assouar B 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 063502
Google Scholar
[14] Melde K, Mark A G, Qiu T, Fischer P 2016 Nature 537 518
Google Scholar
[15] Tian Y, Wei Q, Cheng Y, Liu X J 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 191901
Google Scholar
[16] Xie Y B, Shen C, Wang W Q, Li J F, Suo D J, Popa B Jing Y, Cummer S A 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 35437
Google Scholar
[17] Zhu Y F, Assouar B 2019 Phys. Rev. Mater. 3 045201
Google Scholar
[18] Christensen J, Fernandez D A I, De L P F, Martin M L, Garcia V F J 2007 Nat. Phys. 3 851
Google Scholar
[19] Zhu J, Chen Y Y, Zhu X F, Garcia V F J, Yin X B, Zhang W L, Zhang X 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 1728
Google Scholar
[20] Jia H, Lu M H, Ni X, Bao M, Li X D 2014 J. Appl. Phys. 116 124504
Google Scholar
[21] Jia H, Lu M H, Wang Q C, Bao M, Li X D 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 103505
Google Scholar
[22] Zhu Y F, Zou X Y, Li R Q, Jiang X, Tu J, Liang B, Cheng J C 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 10966
Google Scholar
[23] Srivastava P, Nichols B, Sabra K G 2017 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 142 EL573
Google Scholar
[24] Wu X X, Xia X X, Tian J X, Liu Z Y, Wen W J 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 163502
Google Scholar
[25] Liu J F, Declercq N F 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 261603
Google Scholar
[26] Lee H K, Jung M, Kim M, Shin R, Kang S, Ohm W, Kim Y T 2018 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 143 1534
Google Scholar
[27] 程建春 2019 声学原理 (北京: 科学出版社) 第89−90页
Cheng J C 2019 Acoustical Principle (Beijing: Science Press) pp89−90 (in Chinese)
[28] 朱一凡, 梁彬, 程建春 2018 应用声学 37 53
Google Scholar
Zhu Y F, Liang B, Cheng J C 2018 J. Appl. Acoust. 37 53
Google Scholar
[29] 汤渭霖, 陈德智 1988 声学学报 1 29
Tang W L, Chen D Z 1988 Acta. Acustica. 1 29
[30] 汤渭霖, 范军, 马忠诚 2018 水中目标声散射 (北京: 科学出版社) 第55−66页
Tang W L, Fan J, Ma Z C 2018 Acoustic Scattering of Underwater Targets (Beijing: Science Press) pp55−66 (in Chinese)
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