Thermometry in dynamic and high-temperature combustion filed based on hybrid femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering

Tian Zi-Yang; Zhao Hui-Jie; Wei Hao-Yun; Li Yan

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20211144

Abstract

Temperature, as an important parameter in combustion diagnostic process, will directly affect the combustion efficiency and the generation of combustion products. The accurate measuring of combustion temperature and then controlling of combustion state can not only contribute to avoiding the generation of harmful waste gas, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and oxynitride (NO_x), but also improve the combustion efficiency, thereby saving the energy. However, in practical applications, dynamic and high-temperature combustion field has strict requirements for measurement accuracy and response speed of the thermometry technology. As an advanced spectral thermometry technology, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) has a much higher spatial resolution, and can achieve accurate temperature measurement in high-temperature environment, so CARS has the potential applications in complex combustion field. For the temperature measurement requirements in the complex dynamic and high-temperature combustion field, we demonstrate a hybrid femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering thermometry method through using the second harmonic bandwidth compression method, and achieve accurate measurements and dynamic response to temperature in dynamic and high-temperature combustion field. By using the narrow-band picosecond pulse obtained from the sum frequency process of femtosecond pulse in the BBO crystal as a probe pulse, this thermometry method can achieve single-shot, 1-kHz temperature measurement in high-temperature flame. We utilize the standard burner to simulate dynamic combustion field in a range of 1700–2200 K by changing the equivalence ratio quickly, and carry out continuous temperature measurement in 70 s by our thermometry method in this simulated dynamic and high-temperature flame. The least square method is used to fit the theoretical spectrum library to the actual single spectrum, and the fitting temperature corresponding to the actual single spectrum is obtained from the curve of fitting error. The continuous temperature measurements in 70 s exhibit superior performance in dynamic and high-temperature flame with a temperature inaccuracy less than 1.2% and a precision less than 1.8% at four different temperatures, and can track the temperature variation process within 0.2 s dynamically. These results verify the accuracy, stability and response speed in dynamic and high-temperature environment, and provide a new system scheme for thermometry in practical harsh combustion field.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Corresponding author: Li Yan, liyan@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2020YFB2010701, 2020YFC2200101).

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References

[1]	张步强, 许振宇, 刘建国, 等 2019 物理学报 68 233301 Google Scholar Zhang B Q, Xu Z Y, Liu J G, et al. 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 233301 Google Scholar
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[3]	李帅瑶, 张大源, 高强, 李博, 何勇, 王智化 2020 物理学报 69 234207 Google Scholar Li S Y, Zhang D Y, Gao Q, Li B, He Y, Wang Z H 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 234207 Google Scholar
[4]	Moya F, Druet S A J, Taran J P E 1975 Opt. Commun. 13 169 Google Scholar
[5]	Roy S, Meyer T R, Lucht R P, Afzelius M, Bengtsson P E, Gord J R 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 1843 Google Scholar
[6]	Beyrau F, Bräuer A, Seeger T, Leipertz A 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 247 Google Scholar
[7]	Gord J R, Meyer T R, Roy S 2008 Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 1 663 Google Scholar
[8]	Roy S, Gord J R, Patnaik A K 2010 Prog. Energy Combus. Sci. 36 280 Google Scholar
[9]	Laubereau A, Kaiser W 1978 Rev. Mod. Phys. 50 607 Google Scholar
[10]	Kamga F M, Sceats M G 1980 Opt. Lett. 5 126 Google Scholar
[11]	Meyer T R, Roy S, Gord J R 2007 Appl. Spectrosc. 61 1135 Google Scholar
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[17]	Lang T, Motzkus M 2002 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19 340 Google Scholar
[18]	Roy S, Kulatilaka W D, Richardson D R, Lucht R P, Gord J R 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 3857 Google Scholar
[19]	Richardson D R, Stauffer H U, Roy S, Gord J R 2017 Appl. Opt. 56 E37 Google Scholar
[20]	Courtney T L, Bohlin A, Patterson B D, Kliewer C J 2017 J. Chem. Phys. 146 224202 Google Scholar
[21]	Yang C B, He P, Escofet-Martin D, Peng J B, Fan R W, Yu X, Dunn-Rankin D 2018 Appl. Opt. 57 197 Google Scholar
[22]	Zhao H, Tian Z, Wu T, Li Y, Wei H 2020 Appl. Phys. Lett. 116 111103 Google Scholar
[23]	Richardson D R, Kearney S P, Guildenbecher D R 2020 Appl. Opt. 59 8293 Google Scholar
[24]	Miller J D, Slipchenko M N, Meyer T R, Stauffer H U, Gord J R 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 2430 Google Scholar
[25]	Zhao H, Tian Z, Li Y, Wei H 2021 Opt. Lett. 46 1688 Google Scholar
[26]	Zhao H, Tian Z, Wu T, Li Y, Wei H 2021 Appl. Phys. Lett. 118 071107 Google Scholar
[27]	Eckbreth A C 1978 Appl. Phys. Lett. 32 421 Google Scholar
[28]	Shirley J A, Hall R J, Eckbreth A C 1980 Opt. Lett. 5 380 Google Scholar
[29]	Chloe D 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Iowa: Iowa State University)
[30]	Vestin F, Nilsson K, Bengtsson P E 2008 Appl. Opt. 47 1893 Google Scholar
[31]	Bertagnolli K E, Lucht R 1996 Symp. (Int.) Combust. 26 1825 Google Scholar
[32]	Kovac J D 1998 J. Chem. Edu. 75 545 Google Scholar
[33]	Miller J D 2012 Ph. D. Dissertation (Iowa: Iowa State University)
[34]	Rahn L A, Palmer R E 1986 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3 1164 Google Scholar
[35]	Seeger T, Beyrau F, Bräuer A, Leipertz A 2003 J. Raman Spectrosc. 34 932 Google Scholar
[36]	Weigand P, Rainer L, Wolfgang M 2003 http://www.dlr.de/vt/datenarchiv

Cited By

图 1 能级跃迁示意图

Figure 1. Diagram of energy level transitions.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 (a) 共线式相位匹配图; (b) BOXCARS相位匹配图; (c) 折叠式BOXCARS相位匹配图

Figure 2. (a) Diagram of collinear phase matching; (b) diagram of BOXCARS phase matching; (c) diagram of folded BOXCARS phase matching.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 混合飞秒皮秒CARS光路系统图. BS1−BS3, 分光镜; M1−M15, 反射镜; G1−G3, 光栅; CL1和CL2, 柱面透镜; RM1和RM3, 凸面反射镜; RM2和RM4, 凹面反射镜; E1和E2, 直边; L1−L3, 透镜; OPA, 光学参量放大器; EMCCD, 电子倍增电荷耦合器件

Figure 3. Diagram of hybrid femtosecond/picosecond CARS optical system. BS1−BS3, beam splitter; M1−M15, mirror; G1−G3, grating; CL1 and CL2, cylindrical lens; RM1 and RM3, concave rear mirror; RM2 and RM4, convex rear mirror; E1 and E2, edge; L1−L3, lens; OPA, optical parametric amplifier; EMCCD, electron multiplying charge coupled device.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 (a) 燃烧器实物图; (b) 平面火焰图; (c) 燃烧系统图

Figure 4. (a) Image of burner; (b) image of flat flame; (c) diagram of combustion system.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 (a) 原始光谱; (b) 处理后的归一化光谱; (c) 拟合误差曲线; (d) 拟合光谱与实际光谱的对比

Figure 5. (a) Original spectrum; (b) normalized spectrum after processing; (c) curve of fitting error; (d) comparison of fitting spectrum with actual spectrum.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 70 s动态温度测量结果　(a) 28.6—29 s局部放大图; (b) 65.2—65.6 s局部放大图

Figure 6. Results of dynamic temperature measurement within 70 s: (a) Local enlarged between 28.6 s and 29 s; (b) local enlarged between 65.2 s and 65.6 s.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 不同流速配比下测量温度的柱状分布图　(a) 0—8 s段; (b) 9—28.5 s段; (c) 28.9—48.8 s段; (d) 49—65.3 s段

Figure 7. Histograms of temperature measurements in different flow velocity ratios: (a) From 0 s to 8 s; (b) from 9 s to 28.5 s; (c) from 28.9 s to 48.8 s; (d) from 49 s to 65.3 s.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 单幅光谱拟合结果　(a) 0—8 s段; (b) 9—28.5 s段; (c) 28.9—48.8 s段; (d) 49—65.3 s段

Figure 8. Fitting results of single shot: (a) From 0 s to 8 s; (b) from 9 s to 28.5 s; (c) from 28.9 s to 48.8 s; (d) from 49 s to 65.3 s.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 4种流速配比及其对应参考温度^[36]

Table 1. Four flow velocity ratios and their corresponding reference temperatures.

流速/(标准升·min^–1) 参考温度/K
空气甲烷

15.00 1.10 1706
30.30 2.55 1967
15.00 1.42 1799
36.18 3.42 2110

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 4个流速配比下测温的误差分析

Table 2. Error analysis of temperature measurement in four different flow velocity ratios.

时间段参考温度/K 相对误差相对标准偏差

0—8 s 1706 1.19% 1.75%
9—28.5 s 1967 0.53% 1.67%
28.9—48.8 s 1799 0.42% 1.42%
49—65.3 s 2110 0.21% 1.71%

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	张步强, 许振宇, 刘建国, 等 2019 物理学报 68 233301 Google Scholar Zhang B Q, Xu Z Y, Liu J G, et al. 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 233301 Google Scholar
[2]	冯玉霄, 黄群星, 梁军辉, 王飞, 严建华, 池涌 2012 物理学报 61 134702 Google Scholar Feng Y X, Huang Q X, Liang J H, Wang F, Yan J H, Chi Y 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 134702 Google Scholar
[3]	李帅瑶, 张大源, 高强, 李博, 何勇, 王智化 2020 物理学报 69 234207 Google Scholar Li S Y, Zhang D Y, Gao Q, Li B, He Y, Wang Z H 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 234207 Google Scholar
[4]	Moya F, Druet S A J, Taran J P E 1975 Opt. Commun. 13 169 Google Scholar
[5]	Roy S, Meyer T R, Lucht R P, Afzelius M, Bengtsson P E, Gord J R 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 1843 Google Scholar
[6]	Beyrau F, Bräuer A, Seeger T, Leipertz A 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 247 Google Scholar
[7]	Gord J R, Meyer T R, Roy S 2008 Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 1 663 Google Scholar
[8]	Roy S, Gord J R, Patnaik A K 2010 Prog. Energy Combus. Sci. 36 280 Google Scholar
[9]	Laubereau A, Kaiser W 1978 Rev. Mod. Phys. 50 607 Google Scholar
[10]	Kamga F M, Sceats M G 1980 Opt. Lett. 5 126 Google Scholar
[11]	Meyer T R, Roy S, Gord J R 2007 Appl. Spectrosc. 61 1135 Google Scholar
[12]	Seeger T, Kiefer J, Leipertz A, Patterson B, Kliewer C, Settersten T 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 3755 Google Scholar
[13]	Thomas S, Johannes K, Yi G, Patterson B D, Kliewer C J, Settersten T B 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 2040 Google Scholar
[14]	Beaud P, Frey H M, Lang T, Motzkus M 2001 Chem. Phys. Lett. 344 407 Google Scholar
[15]	Lucht R P, Roy S, Meyer T R, Gord J R 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 251112 Google Scholar
[16]	Wrzesinski P J, Stauffer H U, Kulatilaka W D, Gord J R, Roy S 2013 J. Raman Spectrosc. 44 1344 Google Scholar
[17]	Lang T, Motzkus M 2002 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19 340 Google Scholar
[18]	Roy S, Kulatilaka W D, Richardson D R, Lucht R P, Gord J R 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 3857 Google Scholar
[19]	Richardson D R, Stauffer H U, Roy S, Gord J R 2017 Appl. Opt. 56 E37 Google Scholar
[20]	Courtney T L, Bohlin A, Patterson B D, Kliewer C J 2017 J. Chem. Phys. 146 224202 Google Scholar
[21]	Yang C B, He P, Escofet-Martin D, Peng J B, Fan R W, Yu X, Dunn-Rankin D 2018 Appl. Opt. 57 197 Google Scholar
[22]	Zhao H, Tian Z, Wu T, Li Y, Wei H 2020 Appl. Phys. Lett. 116 111103 Google Scholar
[23]	Richardson D R, Kearney S P, Guildenbecher D R 2020 Appl. Opt. 59 8293 Google Scholar
[24]	Miller J D, Slipchenko M N, Meyer T R, Stauffer H U, Gord J R 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 2430 Google Scholar
[25]	Zhao H, Tian Z, Li Y, Wei H 2021 Opt. Lett. 46 1688 Google Scholar
[26]	Zhao H, Tian Z, Wu T, Li Y, Wei H 2021 Appl. Phys. Lett. 118 071107 Google Scholar
[27]	Eckbreth A C 1978 Appl. Phys. Lett. 32 421 Google Scholar
[28]	Shirley J A, Hall R J, Eckbreth A C 1980 Opt. Lett. 5 380 Google Scholar
[29]	Chloe D 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Iowa: Iowa State University)
[30]	Vestin F, Nilsson K, Bengtsson P E 2008 Appl. Opt. 47 1893 Google Scholar
[31]	Bertagnolli K E, Lucht R 1996 Symp. (Int.) Combust. 26 1825 Google Scholar
[32]	Kovac J D 1998 J. Chem. Edu. 75 545 Google Scholar
[33]	Miller J D 2012 Ph. D. Dissertation (Iowa: Iowa State University)
[34]	Rahn L A, Palmer R E 1986 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3 1164 Google Scholar
[35]	Seeger T, Beyrau F, Bräuer A, Leipertz A 2003 J. Raman Spectrosc. 34 932 Google Scholar
[36]	Weigand P, Rainer L, Wolfgang M 2003 http://www.dlr.de/vt/datenarchiv

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