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The rapid growth of the demand for optical communication capacity promotes optical fiber communication technology. As a method to break through the capacity limitation of conventional single-mode fiber, multi-core fiber based on space division multiplexing technology has attracted extensive attention. In order to respond to the capacity of traditional single-mode fiber positively, we design a scheme of single-mode multi-core fiber combining the arrangement of heterogeneous fiber cores with secondary structure of low refractive index trench. The scheme consists of nineteen fiber cores arranged in a hexagonal closed-packed structure. Heterogeneous trench-assisted multi-core fiber (Hetero-TA-MCF) has low inter-core crosstalk and excellent anti-bending performance. Compared with conventional single-mode fiber, the Hetero-TA-MCF has the large transmission capacity and average effective area of each core of about 80 μm2. The transmission capacity of 19 cores is equivalent to the sum of the transmission capacities of 19 single-core single-mode fibers. We use COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the fiber structure, finding the parameters that affect the properties of the fiber, selecting parameters and structures for optimal performance. Then we calculate the transmission characteristics by the finite element method,and the results of substantive simulating compute are as follows. The Hetero-TA-MCF achieves a low inter-core crosstalk (XT) of about –39 dB/100 km so that each core can be transmitted as a separate channe. It meets the standard of multi-core fiber long distance transmission. The XT of the heterogeneous 19-core single-mode fiber is suitable for multi-core fiber long distance transmission standards. The bending loss of the outermost fiber core is –7.7×10–5 dB/m when the bending radius is 10 cm, which reflects the low loss characteristics of the structure. The nonlinear coefficients of three kinds of core are 1.28 W–1·km–1, 1.31 W–1·km–1, and 1.30 W–1·km–1 respectively, reducing the nonlinear effect of optical fiber effectively; the dispersions of three kinds of cores are less than 24 ps/(nm·km). In addition, the steady single-mode transmission is achieved in C+L band. Compared with traditional single-mode fiber and single-trench homogeneous fiber, the proposed fiber in this work has low crosstalk, good bending resistance and large mode field area, which is suitable for long distance and large capacity transmission in space division multiplexing system.
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Keywords:
- multi-core single-mode fiber /
- non-identical cores /
- single trench /
- low inter-core crosstalk
[1] Saitoh K, Matsuo S 2016 J. Light. Technol. 34 55
Google Scholar
[2] Cai J X, Cai Y, Davidson C R, Lucero A, Zhang H, Foursa D G, Sinkin O V, Patterson W W, Pilipetskii A, Mohs G, Bergano N S 2011 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication (OFC)/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference(NFOEC) Los Angeles, California United States, March 6–10, 2011
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[7] Takenaga K, Arakawa Y, Tanigawa S, Guan N, Matsuo S, Saitoh K, Koshiba M 2011 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication (OFC)/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) Los Angeles, California United States, March 6–10, 2011
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[12] Tu J J, Saitoh K, Koshiba M, Takenaga K, Matsuo S 2012 Opt. Express 20 15157
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[15] Sakaguchi J, Puttnam B J, Klaus W, Awaji Y, Wada N, Kanno A, Kawanishi T, Imamura K, Inaba H, Mukasa K, Sugizaki R, Kobayashi T, Watanabe M 2012 Optical Fiber Communication Conference Los Angeles, California United States, March 4–8, 2012
[16] Amma Y, Sasaki Y, Takenaga K, Matsuo S, Tu J, Saitoh K, Koshiba M, Morioka T, Miyamoto Y 2015 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC) Los Angeles, California United States, March 22–26, 2015
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Li Z H, Li S G, Li J S, Wang L Y, Wang X K, Wang Y, Gong L, Cheng T L 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 104208
Google Scholar
[22] Wang L Y, Li S G, Li J S, Meng X J, Guo Y, Li Z H, Wang X K, Wang Y 2021 Opt. Fiber Technol. 67 102721
Google Scholar
[23] Puttnam B J, Luís R S, Klaus W, et al. 2015 European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC) Valencia, Spain, September 27–October 1, 2015
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图 1 单沟槽辅助型异质十九芯光纤
Figure 1. Schematic structure of heterogeneous trench-assisted 19-core fiber.
图 2 纤芯折射率分布
Figure 2. Refractive index profile of adjacent fiber-core.
图 3 芯间串扰与沟槽宽度的关系
Figure 3. The relation between crosstalk and trench width.
图 4 芯间串扰与沟槽相对折射率之间的关系
Figure 4. Relation between crosstalk and the relative refractive index of the trench.
图 5 不同纤芯间的串扰与弯曲半径之间的关系 (a)纤芯1和纤芯2之间的串扰; (b)纤芯1和纤芯3之间的串扰; (c)纤芯2和纤芯3之间的串扰
Figure 5. Crosstalk dependence on bending radius of (a) Core 1-Core 2; (b) Core 1-Core 3 and (c) Core 2-Core 3.
图 6 弯曲半径增加到3000—5000 mm时的芯间串扰
Figure 6. Crosstalk dependence on bending radius (Rpk = 3000–5000 mm).
图 7 芯间串扰与工作波长的关系
Figure 7. The relationship between crosstalk and wavelength.
图 8 有效模场面积与工作波长的关系
Figure 8. The relationship between Aeff and wavelength.
图 9 (a)弯曲损耗与芯间距的关系; (b)芯间串扰与芯间距的关系
Figure 9. Bending loss and crosstalk dependence on core pitch: (a) Bending loss; (b)crosstalk.
图 10 色散与波长的关系
Figure 10. The relation between the dispersion and wavelength.
图 11 非线性系数与波长的关系
Figure 11. The relationship between nonlinear coefficient and wavelength.
图 12 十九芯异质光纤预制棒的制备流程
Figure 12. Fabrication process of 19-core heterogeneous fiber preform.
表 1 光纤的初始参数
Table 1. The initial fiber parameters.
参数 纤芯 1 纤芯 2 纤芯 3 纤芯半径/μm 4.79 4.87 4.83 纤芯与包层的相对折射率差/% 0.26 0.31 0.29 沟槽宽度/μm 4.5 沟槽与包层的相对折射率差/% –0.5 芯间距/μm 42 包层直径 / μm 240 
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表 2 十九芯单模异质光纤的结构参数
Table 2. The parameters of the final proposed structure.
参数 纤芯1 /纤芯2 /纤芯3 纤芯半径/μm 4.79/4.87/4.83 纤芯与包层的相对折射率差/% 0.26/0.31/0.29 芯间距/μm 42 包层直径/μm 240
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[1] Saitoh K, Matsuo S 2016 J. Light. Technol. 34 55
Google Scholar
[2] Cai J X, Cai Y, Davidson C R, Lucero A, Zhang H, Foursa D G, Sinkin O V, Patterson W W, Pilipetskii A, Mohs G, Bergano N S 2011 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication (OFC)/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference(NFOEC) Los Angeles, California United States, March 6–10, 2011
[3] Richardson D J, Fini J M, Nelson L E 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 354
Google Scholar
[4] Li Z H, Wang L Y, Wang Y, Li S G, Meng X J, Guo Y, Wang G R, Zhang H, Cheng T L, Xu W W, Qin Y, Zhou H 2021 Opt. Express 29 26418
Google Scholar
[5] Sakamoto T, Saitoh K, Saitoh S, Shibahara K, Wada M, Abe Y, Urushibara A, Takenaga K, Mizuno T, Matsui T, Aikawa K, Miyamoto Y, Nakajima K 2018 J. Light. Technol. 36 1226
Google Scholar
[6] Ye F H, Tu J J, Saitoh K, Morioka T 2014 Opt. Express 22 23007
Google Scholar
[7] Takenaga K, Arakawa Y, Tanigawa S, Guan N, Matsuo S, Saitoh K, Koshiba M 2011 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication (OFC)/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC) Los Angeles, California United States, March 6–10, 2011
[8] 靳文星, 任国斌, 裴丽, 姜有超, 吴越, 谌亚, 杨宇光, 任文华, 简水生 2017 物理学报 66 024210
Google Scholar
Jin W X, Ren G B, Pei L, Jiang Y C, Wu Y, Shen Y, Yang Y G, Ren W H, Jian S S 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 024210
Google Scholar
[9] Xia C, Amezcua-Correa R, Bai N, Antonio-Lopez E, Arrioja D M, Schulzgen A, Richardson M, Linares J, Montero C, Mateo E, Zhou X, Li G F 2012 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 24 1914
Google Scholar
[10] Egorova O N, Semjonov S L, Senatorov A K, Salganskii M Y, Koklyushkin A V, Nazarov V N, Korolev A E, Kuksenkov D V, Li M J, Dianov E M 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 2168
Google Scholar
[11] Tu J J, Saitoh K, Koshiba M, Takenaga K, Matsuo S 2013 J. Light. Technol. 31 2590
Google Scholar
[12] Tu J J, Saitoh K, Koshiba M, Takenaga K, Matsuo S 2012 Opt. Express 20 15157
Google Scholar
[13] Tu J J, Saitoh K, Takenaga K, Matsuo S 2014 Opt. Express 22 4329
Google Scholar
[14] Koshiba M, Saitoh K, Takenaga K, Matsuo S 2011 Opt. Express 19 102
Google Scholar
[15] Sakaguchi J, Puttnam B J, Klaus W, Awaji Y, Wada N, Kanno A, Kawanishi T, Imamura K, Inaba H, Mukasa K, Sugizaki R, Kobayashi T, Watanabe M 2012 Optical Fiber Communication Conference Los Angeles, California United States, March 4–8, 2012
[16] Amma Y, Sasaki Y, Takenaga K, Matsuo S, Tu J, Saitoh K, Koshiba M, Morioka T, Miyamoto Y 2015 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC) Los Angeles, California United States, March 22–26, 2015
[17] Xie X Q, Tu J J, Zhou X, Long K P, Saitoh K 2017 Opt. Express 25 5119
Google Scholar
[18] Ademgil H, Haxha S 2012 Opt. Commun. 285 1514
Google Scholar
[19] Koshiba M, Saitoh K, Takenaga K, Matsuo S 2012 IEEE. Photon. J. 4 1987
Google Scholar
[20] Wang L Y, Li S G, Meng X J, Guo Y, Li Z H 2021 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 38 3849
Google Scholar
[21] 李增辉, 李曙光, 李建设, 王璐瑶, 王晓凯, 王彦, 龚琳, 程同蕾 2021 物理学报 70 104208
Google Scholar
Li Z H, Li S G, Li J S, Wang L Y, Wang X K, Wang Y, Gong L, Cheng T L 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 104208
Google Scholar
[22] Wang L Y, Li S G, Li J S, Meng X J, Guo Y, Li Z H, Wang X K, Wang Y 2021 Opt. Fiber Technol. 67 102721
Google Scholar
[23] Puttnam B J, Luís R S, Klaus W, et al. 2015 European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC) Valencia, Spain, September 27–October 1, 2015
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