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Quantum satellite communication is a research hotspot in the field of quantum communication, which has the characteristics of wide coverage, high communication efficiency and strong security. The construction strategy of the quantum communication network is an essential part of quantum communication. However, the construction strategy of quantum air communication network has not been studied yet so far. In this paper, according to the characteristics of flying goose array and principle of bionics, a simulated wild goose group Λ quantum air communication network topology is proposed, which can be divided into single-head node Λ type and multi-head node Λ type. Based on Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state particles, a certifiable QSDC inter-network communication system and a GHZ-EPR quantum teleportation communication system are established. The bit error rate, energy consumption, throughput, and other parameters are studied. After theoretical analysis and experimental measurement, for the single-head node Λ network structure in the environment where the average power spectral density of noise is 2 dB/m, when the communication distance between the head node and the child node is less than 400 m, the bit error rate is less than 0.094; if the communication distance increases from 400 m to 1000 m, the bit error rate increases rapidly, reaching 0.585; when the number of child nodes on one side increases from 2 to 7, the throughput decreases from 110.6 kb/s to 46.45 kb/s. For example, when the total number of nodes is 21, the single-head node Λ network structure saves 32.6% energy but reduces the throughput to 23.9 kb/s. By comparison, the multi-head node Λ network structure with 21 nodes saves 29.3% energy and achieves throughput of 163.4 kb/s. The above studies show that the quantum air network with the structure of imitation goose group array has good network scalability, excellent information security and flexible network structure.
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Keywords:
- Λ-type network structure of imitation wild goose group /
- quantum air communication network /
- energy consumption analysis /
- Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state
[1] 安子烨, 王旭杰, 苑震生, 包小辉, 潘建伟 2018 物理学报 67 224203Google Scholar
An Z Y, Wang X J, Yuan Z S, Bao X H, Pan J W 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 224203Google Scholar
[2] Pan J W, Chen Y A, Xu F H, Li Z D, Zhang R, Yin X F, Liu L Z, Hu Y, Fang Y Q, Fei Y Y, Jiang X, Zhang J, Li L, Liu N L 2019 Nat. Photonics 13 644Google Scholar
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[5] Long G L, Liu X S 2000 arXiv: quant-ph/0012056
[6] Zhou L, Sheng Y B, Long G L 2020 Sci. Bull. 65 12Google Scholar
[7] Long G L, Zhang H R 2021 Sci. Bull. 66 1267Google Scholar
[8] Pan L D, Laurita N J, Ross K A, Gaulin B D, Armitage N P 2016 Nature Phys. 12 361Google Scholar
[9] Pan W, Reno J L, Reyes A P 2020 Sci. Rep. 10 7659Google Scholar
[10] Pelucchi E, Fagas G, Aharonovich I, Englund D, Figueroa E, Gong Q H, Hannes H, Liu J, Lu C Y, Matsuda N, Pan J W, Schreck F, Sciarrino F, Silberhorn C, Wang J W, Jöns K D 2021 Nat. Rev. Phys. 4 194
[11] Henke J W, Raja A S, Feist A, Huang G H, Arend G, Yang Y J, Kappert F J, Wang R N, Möller M, Pan J H, Liu J Q, Kfir O, Claus R, Kippenberg T J 2021 Nature 600 653Google Scholar
[12] 高博 2016-08-16 (001) “墨子号”量子科学实验卫星发射升空 (科技日报)
Gao B 2016-08-16 (001) Quantum Science Experiment Satellite “Mozi” Launched (Science and Technology Daily) (in Chinese)
[13] “墨子号”最新成果 2017 光通信技术 41 8
Latest Achievements of Quantum Science Experiment Satellite “Mozi” 2017 Optical Commun. Technol. 41 8 (in Chinese)
[14] 世界首条量子保密通信干线———“京沪干线”开通 2017 天津经济 10 57
World’s First Secure Quantum Communication Line in China —Beijing-Shanghai trunk line 2017 Tianjin Economy 10 57 (in Chinese)
[15] 我国成功组建天地一体化量子通信网络 2021 计量与测试技术 48 104
Realization of the Integrated Space-to-ground Quantum Communication Network in China 2021 Metrology & Measurement Technlque 48 104 (in Chinese)
[16] 熊欣 2021 电子技术 50 32
Xiong X 2021 Electron. Tech. 50 32
[17] 钟剑峰, 王红军 2020 电讯技术 60 1290Google Scholar
Zhong J F, Wang H J 2020 Telecommun. Eng. 60 1290Google Scholar
[18] 李海滨, 唐晓刚, 周尚辉, 吴署光, 王梦阳 2022 网络安全技术与应用 1 3Google Scholar
Li H B, Tang X G, Zhou S H, Wu S G, Wang M Y 2022 Net. Secur. Technol. Appl. 1 3Google Scholar
[19] 许志强 2020 全球定位系统 45 76Google Scholar
Xu Z Q 2020 GNSS World of China 45 76Google Scholar
[20] 赵蓓英, 姬伟峰, 翁江, 孙岩, 李映岐, 吴玄 2021 计算机科学与探索 15 2304Google Scholar
Zhao B Y, Ji W F, Weng J, Sun Y, Li Y Q, Wu X 2021 J. Frontiers Comput. Sci. Technol. 15 2304Google Scholar
[21] 尹曌 2022 博士学位论文 (北京: 北京科技大学)
Yin Z 2022 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: University of Science & Technology Beijing) (in Chinese)
[22] 周良, 王茂森, 戴劲松 2019 兵工自动化 38 88Google Scholar
Zhou L, Wang M S, Dai J S 2019 Ordnance Industry Automation 38 88Google Scholar
[23] 尹曌, 贺威, 邹尧, 穆新星, 孙长银 2021 自动化学报 47 1355Google Scholar
Yin Z, He W, Zou Y, Mu X X, Sun C Y 2021 Acta Automatica Sin. 47 1355Google Scholar
[24] Peng J S, Fu X J 2021 Control Engineering of China DOI: 10.14107/j.cnki. kzgc.20200927 (in Chinese) [彭建帅, 付兴建 2021 控制工程 DOI: 10.14107/j.cnki. kzgc.20200927]
[25] Speakman J R, Banks D 1998 IBIS 140 280Google Scholar
[26] 宋素珍 2014 硕士学位论文 (天津: 中国民航大学)
Song S Z 2014 M. S. Thesis (Tianjin: Civil Aviation University of China) (in Chinese)
[27] 冉淏丹, 李建华, 崔琼, 南明莉 2019 火力与指挥控制 44 55Google Scholar
Ran H D, Li J H, Cui Q, Nan M L 2019 Fire Control Command Control 44 55Google Scholar
[28] Du Z L, Li X L 2019 Quantum Inf. Process. 18 226Google Scholar
[29] 刘乾, 胡占宁 2017 原子与分子物理学报 34 915Google Scholar
Liu Q, Hu Z N 2017 J. Atom. Mol. Phys. 34 915Google Scholar
[30] Shima H, Monireh H 2015 Quantum Inf. Process. 14 739Google Scholar
[31] Fu H Z, Tian X L, Hu Y 2014 Int. J. Theo. Phys. 53 1840Google Scholar
[32] Chen Y 2014 Int. J. Theo. Phys. 53 1454Google Scholar
[33] Duan Y J, Zha X W, Sun X M, Xia J F 2014 Int. J. Theo. Phys. 53 2697Google Scholar
[34] 张晔 2021-09-30(005) 量子安全直接通信传输距离达40公里 (科技日报)
Zhang Y 2021-09-30(005) Realization of Quantum Secure Direct Communication over 100 km Fiber (Science and Technology Daily) (in Chinese)
[35] 余松, 柏明强, 唐茜, 莫智文 2021 量子电子学报 38 57Google Scholar
Yu S, Bai M Q, Tang Q, Mo Z W 2021 Chin. J. Quant. Elect. 38 57Google Scholar
[36] 郑涛, 张仕斌, 孙裕华, 昌燕 2020 计算机应用研究 37 2144Google Scholar
Zheng T, Zhang S B, Sun Y H, Chang Y 2020 Application Research of Computers 37 2144Google Scholar
[37] 张美玲, 刘原华, 聂敏 2018 量子电子学报 35 320Google Scholar
Zhang M L, Liu Y H, Nie M 2018 Chin. J. Quant. Elect. 35 320Google Scholar
[38] 刘志昊, 陈汉武 2017 物理学报 66 130304Google Scholar
Liu Z H, Chen H W 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 130304Google Scholar
[39] 王明宇, 王馨德, 阮东, 龙桂鲁 2021 物理学报 70 190301Google Scholar
Wang M Y, Wang X D, Ruan D, Long G L 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 190301Google Scholar
[40] 周贤韬, 江英华, 郭晨飞, 赵宁, 刘彪 2021 量子电子学报 https://kns.cnki.net/ kcms/detail/34.1163.TN.20210927.2021.002.html
Zhou X T, Jiang Y H, Guo C F, Zhao N, Liu B 2021 Chin. J. Quant. Elect. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/34.1163.TN. 20210927.2021.002.html (in Chinese)
[41] 权东晓, 裴昌幸, 刘丹, 赵楠 2010 物理学报 59 2493Google Scholar
Quan D X, Pei C X, Liu D, Zhao N 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 2493Google Scholar
[42] 曹正文, 赵光, 张爽浩, 冯晓毅, 彭进业 2016 物理学报 65 230301Google Scholar
Cao Z W, Zhao G, Zhang S H, Feng X Y, Peng J Y 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 230301Google Scholar
[43] 聂敏, 韩凯捷, 杨光, 张美玲, 孙爱晶, 裴昌幸 2021 物理学报 70 140303Google Scholar
Nie M, Han K J, Yang G, Zhang M L, Sun A J, Pei C X 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 140303Google Scholar
[44] 朱宇, 石磊, 魏家华, 朱秋立, 杨汝, 赵顾颢 2019 激光与光电子学进展 56 232Google Scholar
Zhu Y, Shi L, Wei J H, Zhu Q L, Yang R, Zhao G H 2019 Laser Optoelect. Prog. 56 232Google Scholar
[45] 聂敏, 卫容宇, 杨光, 张美玲, 孙爱晶, 裴昌幸 2019 物理学报 68 110301Google Scholar
Nie M, Wei R Y, Yang G, Zhang M L, Sun A J, Pei C X 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 110301Google Scholar
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表 1 双向量子隐形传态协议对比
Table 1. Comparison of two-way quantum teleportation protocols
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[1] 安子烨, 王旭杰, 苑震生, 包小辉, 潘建伟 2018 物理学报 67 224203Google Scholar
An Z Y, Wang X J, Yuan Z S, Bao X H, Pan J W 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 224203Google Scholar
[2] Pan J W, Chen Y A, Xu F H, Li Z D, Zhang R, Yin X F, Liu L Z, Hu Y, Fang Y Q, Fei Y Y, Jiang X, Zhang J, Li L, Liu N L 2019 Nat. Photonics 13 644Google Scholar
[3] Zhang C R, Hu M J, Xiang G Y, Zhang Y S, Li C F, Guo G C 2020 Chin. Phys. Lett. 37 080301Google Scholar
[4] Wang B C, Lin T, Li H O, Gu S S, Chen M B, Guo G C, Jiang H W, Hu X D, Cao G, Guo G P 2021 Sci. Bull. 66 332Google Scholar
[5] Long G L, Liu X S 2000 arXiv: quant-ph/0012056
[6] Zhou L, Sheng Y B, Long G L 2020 Sci. Bull. 65 12Google Scholar
[7] Long G L, Zhang H R 2021 Sci. Bull. 66 1267Google Scholar
[8] Pan L D, Laurita N J, Ross K A, Gaulin B D, Armitage N P 2016 Nature Phys. 12 361Google Scholar
[9] Pan W, Reno J L, Reyes A P 2020 Sci. Rep. 10 7659Google Scholar
[10] Pelucchi E, Fagas G, Aharonovich I, Englund D, Figueroa E, Gong Q H, Hannes H, Liu J, Lu C Y, Matsuda N, Pan J W, Schreck F, Sciarrino F, Silberhorn C, Wang J W, Jöns K D 2021 Nat. Rev. Phys. 4 194
[11] Henke J W, Raja A S, Feist A, Huang G H, Arend G, Yang Y J, Kappert F J, Wang R N, Möller M, Pan J H, Liu J Q, Kfir O, Claus R, Kippenberg T J 2021 Nature 600 653Google Scholar
[12] 高博 2016-08-16 (001) “墨子号”量子科学实验卫星发射升空 (科技日报)
Gao B 2016-08-16 (001) Quantum Science Experiment Satellite “Mozi” Launched (Science and Technology Daily) (in Chinese)
[13] “墨子号”最新成果 2017 光通信技术 41 8
Latest Achievements of Quantum Science Experiment Satellite “Mozi” 2017 Optical Commun. Technol. 41 8 (in Chinese)
[14] 世界首条量子保密通信干线———“京沪干线”开通 2017 天津经济 10 57
World’s First Secure Quantum Communication Line in China —Beijing-Shanghai trunk line 2017 Tianjin Economy 10 57 (in Chinese)
[15] 我国成功组建天地一体化量子通信网络 2021 计量与测试技术 48 104
Realization of the Integrated Space-to-ground Quantum Communication Network in China 2021 Metrology & Measurement Technlque 48 104 (in Chinese)
[16] 熊欣 2021 电子技术 50 32
Xiong X 2021 Electron. Tech. 50 32
[17] 钟剑峰, 王红军 2020 电讯技术 60 1290Google Scholar
Zhong J F, Wang H J 2020 Telecommun. Eng. 60 1290Google Scholar
[18] 李海滨, 唐晓刚, 周尚辉, 吴署光, 王梦阳 2022 网络安全技术与应用 1 3Google Scholar
Li H B, Tang X G, Zhou S H, Wu S G, Wang M Y 2022 Net. Secur. Technol. Appl. 1 3Google Scholar
[19] 许志强 2020 全球定位系统 45 76Google Scholar
Xu Z Q 2020 GNSS World of China 45 76Google Scholar
[20] 赵蓓英, 姬伟峰, 翁江, 孙岩, 李映岐, 吴玄 2021 计算机科学与探索 15 2304Google Scholar
Zhao B Y, Ji W F, Weng J, Sun Y, Li Y Q, Wu X 2021 J. Frontiers Comput. Sci. Technol. 15 2304Google Scholar
[21] 尹曌 2022 博士学位论文 (北京: 北京科技大学)
Yin Z 2022 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: University of Science & Technology Beijing) (in Chinese)
[22] 周良, 王茂森, 戴劲松 2019 兵工自动化 38 88Google Scholar
Zhou L, Wang M S, Dai J S 2019 Ordnance Industry Automation 38 88Google Scholar
[23] 尹曌, 贺威, 邹尧, 穆新星, 孙长银 2021 自动化学报 47 1355Google Scholar
Yin Z, He W, Zou Y, Mu X X, Sun C Y 2021 Acta Automatica Sin. 47 1355Google Scholar
[24] Peng J S, Fu X J 2021 Control Engineering of China DOI: 10.14107/j.cnki. kzgc.20200927 (in Chinese) [彭建帅, 付兴建 2021 控制工程 DOI: 10.14107/j.cnki. kzgc.20200927]
[25] Speakman J R, Banks D 1998 IBIS 140 280Google Scholar
[26] 宋素珍 2014 硕士学位论文 (天津: 中国民航大学)
Song S Z 2014 M. S. Thesis (Tianjin: Civil Aviation University of China) (in Chinese)
[27] 冉淏丹, 李建华, 崔琼, 南明莉 2019 火力与指挥控制 44 55Google Scholar
Ran H D, Li J H, Cui Q, Nan M L 2019 Fire Control Command Control 44 55Google Scholar
[28] Du Z L, Li X L 2019 Quantum Inf. Process. 18 226Google Scholar
[29] 刘乾, 胡占宁 2017 原子与分子物理学报 34 915Google Scholar
Liu Q, Hu Z N 2017 J. Atom. Mol. Phys. 34 915Google Scholar
[30] Shima H, Monireh H 2015 Quantum Inf. Process. 14 739Google Scholar
[31] Fu H Z, Tian X L, Hu Y 2014 Int. J. Theo. Phys. 53 1840Google Scholar
[32] Chen Y 2014 Int. J. Theo. Phys. 53 1454Google Scholar
[33] Duan Y J, Zha X W, Sun X M, Xia J F 2014 Int. J. Theo. Phys. 53 2697Google Scholar
[34] 张晔 2021-09-30(005) 量子安全直接通信传输距离达40公里 (科技日报)
Zhang Y 2021-09-30(005) Realization of Quantum Secure Direct Communication over 100 km Fiber (Science and Technology Daily) (in Chinese)
[35] 余松, 柏明强, 唐茜, 莫智文 2021 量子电子学报 38 57Google Scholar
Yu S, Bai M Q, Tang Q, Mo Z W 2021 Chin. J. Quant. Elect. 38 57Google Scholar
[36] 郑涛, 张仕斌, 孙裕华, 昌燕 2020 计算机应用研究 37 2144Google Scholar
Zheng T, Zhang S B, Sun Y H, Chang Y 2020 Application Research of Computers 37 2144Google Scholar
[37] 张美玲, 刘原华, 聂敏 2018 量子电子学报 35 320Google Scholar
Zhang M L, Liu Y H, Nie M 2018 Chin. J. Quant. Elect. 35 320Google Scholar
[38] 刘志昊, 陈汉武 2017 物理学报 66 130304Google Scholar
Liu Z H, Chen H W 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 130304Google Scholar
[39] 王明宇, 王馨德, 阮东, 龙桂鲁 2021 物理学报 70 190301Google Scholar
Wang M Y, Wang X D, Ruan D, Long G L 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 190301Google Scholar
[40] 周贤韬, 江英华, 郭晨飞, 赵宁, 刘彪 2021 量子电子学报 https://kns.cnki.net/ kcms/detail/34.1163.TN.20210927.2021.002.html
Zhou X T, Jiang Y H, Guo C F, Zhao N, Liu B 2021 Chin. J. Quant. Elect. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/34.1163.TN. 20210927.2021.002.html (in Chinese)
[41] 权东晓, 裴昌幸, 刘丹, 赵楠 2010 物理学报 59 2493Google Scholar
Quan D X, Pei C X, Liu D, Zhao N 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 2493Google Scholar
[42] 曹正文, 赵光, 张爽浩, 冯晓毅, 彭进业 2016 物理学报 65 230301Google Scholar
Cao Z W, Zhao G, Zhang S H, Feng X Y, Peng J Y 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 230301Google Scholar
[43] 聂敏, 韩凯捷, 杨光, 张美玲, 孙爱晶, 裴昌幸 2021 物理学报 70 140303Google Scholar
Nie M, Han K J, Yang G, Zhang M L, Sun A J, Pei C X 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 140303Google Scholar
[44] 朱宇, 石磊, 魏家华, 朱秋立, 杨汝, 赵顾颢 2019 激光与光电子学进展 56 232Google Scholar
Zhu Y, Shi L, Wei J H, Zhu Q L, Yang R, Zhao G H 2019 Laser Optoelect. Prog. 56 232Google Scholar
[45] 聂敏, 卫容宇, 杨光, 张美玲, 孙爱晶, 裴昌幸 2019 物理学报 68 110301Google Scholar
Nie M, Wei R Y, Yang G, Zhang M L, Sun A J, Pei C X 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 110301Google Scholar
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