Two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide 1×5 beam splitter reversely designed by downhill-simplex algorithm

Ke Hang; Li Pei-Li; Shi Wei-Hua

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20220328

Abstract

Beam splitter, whose main function is to achieve the splitting, combining and routing of optical signals, is an important component of photonic integrated circuits, passive optical network and other fields. Compared with the conventional beam splitter, photonic crystal beam splitter, which has the virtues of smaller size and higher transmission efficiency, is very suitable for high-density and large-scale integration. The traditional control variable method often used in the optimal design of photonic crystal beam splitter is time-consuming and inefficient. When parameter variables are large, it is difficult for beam splitter to achieve the optimal splitting performance. In addition, it is hard to realize flexible design of beam splitting ratio when optimizing multi-channel photonic crystal beam splitter by this method. In this paper, a novel photonic crystal 1×5 beam splitter, in which two special Y-junction waveguides are introduced into a completely two-dimensional square lattice silicon, is proposed and optimally designed by using downhill-simplex algorithm. Firstly, to determine the optimization range of each variable, the influences of the radius of the dielectric rod in the coupling region and the radius and the lateral offset of the regulating dielectric rod in the center of the two Y-junction waveguides on the five output ports of the 1×5 beam splitter are explored respectively by the plane wave expansion method and finite difference time domain method. The results show that the optical energy coupled from the main waveguide W₁ to the upper Y-junction waveguide and lower Y-junction waveguide can be controlled by optimizing the radius of the dielectric rod in the coupling region. The transmittance of the five output ports can be controlled in proportion by optimizing the lateral offset of the regulating dielectric rods. The total transmittance of the five output ports can be improved, and the output of each port can be adjusted by optimizing the radius of the regulating dielectric rod. Then, according to the specific target of the splitting ratio, using downhill-simplex algorithm, the 1×5 beam splitter with different splitting ratio can be reversely designed by optimizing the radius of the coupling dielectric rod and the radius and the lateral offset of the regulating dielectric rod within the selected optimization range. The total transmittance of the 1×5 beam splitter is above 99%, the additional loss is less than 0.044 dB, and the response time is less than 1ps. Besides, to determine the allowable error range of each optimization variable in actual processing, the machining error of the 1×5 beam splitter is analyzed, which provides a theoretical reference for fabricating the device. Owing to the advantages of flexible splitting ratio design, high optimization efficiency, small size and excellent performance, the proposed 1×5 beam splitter will have broad application prospects in the field of photonic integrated circuits and so on.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China

Corresponding author: Li Pei-Li, lipl@njupt.edu.cn

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References

[1]	于天宝 2007 博士学位论文 (杭州: 浙江大学) Yu T B 2007 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hangzhou: Zhejiang University) (in Chinese)
[2]	Tao S H, Fang Q, Song J F, Yu M B, Lo G Q, Kwong D L 2008 Opt. Express 16 21456 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 二维光子晶体1×5分束器结构图

Figure 1. Schematic of 1×5 beam splitter structure based on two-dimensional photonic crystal.

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图 2 完整二维正方晶格光子晶体　(a) 带隙图; (b) r = 0.2a时的能带结构图

Figure 2. Complete two-dimensional square lattices photonic: (a) Gap map; (b) energy band structure diagram of r = 0.2a

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 输出端口透过率随耦合介质柱半径变化关系图

Figure 3. Relationship between the transmittance of the output ports and the radius of coupling dielectric rods.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 输出端口透过率随调控介质柱横向偏移量变化关系图

Figure 4. Relationship between the transmittance of the output ports and the lateral offset of regulating dielectric rods.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 输出端口透过率随调控介质柱半径变化关系图

Figure 5. Relationship between the transmittance of the output ports and the radius of regulating dielectric rods.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 基于DSA逆向设计1×5分束器流程图

Figure 6. Flow chart of reverse design of 1×5 beam splitter based on DSA.

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图 7 分光比为1∶1∶1∶1∶1的1×5分束器　(a) 稳态场强分布图; (b) 时域稳态响应图

Figure 7. 1×5 beam splitter with a splitting ratio of 1∶1∶1∶1∶1∶ (a) Steady-state field intensity distribution diagram; (b) time domain steady state diagram.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 分光比为1∶1∶2∶1∶2的1×5分束器　(a) 稳态场强分布图; (b) 时域稳态响应图

Figure 8. 1×5 beam splitter with a splitting ratio of 1∶1∶2∶1∶2∶ (a) Steady-state field intensity distribution diagram; (b) time domain steady state diagram.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 分光比为1∶1∶2∶1∶3的1×5分束器　(a) 稳态场强分布图; (b) 时域稳态响应图

Figure 9. 1×5 beam splitter with a splitting ratio of 1∶1∶2∶1∶3∶ (a) Steady-state field intensity distribution diagram; (b) time domain steady state diagram.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 分光比为1∶1∶2∶1∶4的1×5分束器　(a) 稳态场强分布图; (b) 时域稳态响应图

Figure 10. 1×5 beam splitter with a splitting ratio of 1∶1∶2∶1∶4∶ (a) Steady-state field intensity distribution diagram; (b) time domain steady state diagram.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 输出端口透过率随耦合介质柱半径偏差的变化关系

Figure 11. Relationship between the transmittance of the output ports and deviation of the radius of coupling dielectric rods.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 12 输出端口透过率随调控介质柱的横向偏移量偏差的变化关系图

Figure 12. Relationship between the transmittance of the output ports and deviation of the lateral offset of regulating dielectric rods.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 13 输出端口透过率随调控介质柱半径偏差的变化关系图

Figure 13. Relationship between the transmittance of the output ports and deviation of the radius of regulating dielectric rods.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	于天宝 2007 博士学位论文 (杭州: 浙江大学) Yu T B 2007 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hangzhou: Zhejiang University) (in Chinese)
[2]	Tao S H, Fang Q, Song J F, Yu M B, Lo G Q, Kwong D L 2008 Opt. Express 16 21456 Google Scholar
[3]	Yao R K, Li H X, Zhang B H, Chen W W, Wang P J, Dai S X, Liu Y X, Li J, Li Y, Fu Q 2021 J. Lightwave Technol. 39 6253 Google Scholar
[4]	Lin Z J, Shi W 2019 Opt. Express 27 14338 Google Scholar
[5]	Chen H, Zou S Z, Yu H J, Lin X C 2015 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 27 2527 Google Scholar
[6]	Ferstl M, Hermerschmidt A, Dias D, Steingruber R 2004 J. Mod. Opt. 51 2125 Google Scholar
[7]	Tahersima M H, Kojima K, Koike A T, Jha D, Wang B N, Lin C W, Parsons K 2019 Sci. Rep. 9 1368 Google Scholar
[8]	左依凡, 李培丽, 栾开智, 王磊 2018 物理学报 67 034204 Google Scholar Zuo Y F, Li P L, Luan K Z, Wang L 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 034204 Google Scholar
[9]	Hu J R, Li J S 2016 J. Infrared Millim. Te. 37 729 Google Scholar
[10]	Singh S, Singh K 2017 Optik 145 495 Google Scholar
[11]	Rakshitha M, Gandhi S I 2018 4th International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems Coimbatore, India, March 16–17, 2018 p25
[12]	刘凯柱 2020 硕士学位论文 (北京: 中央民族大学) Liu K Z 2020 M. S. Thesis (Beijing: Minzu University of China) (in Chinese)
[13]	金轶群, 文化锋, 李韵嘉, 王周益, 胡帆, 周华英, 施锋 2021 光电子·激光 32 281 Google Scholar Jin Y Q, Wen H F, Li Y J, Wang Z Y, Hu F, Zhou H Y, Shi F 2021 J. Optoelectronics·Laser 32 281 Google Scholar
[14]	Moumeni I, Labbani A 2021 Opt. Quant. Electron. 53 129 Google Scholar
[15]	Nelder J A, Mead R 1965 Comput. J. 7 308 Google Scholar
[16]	Chelouah R, Siarry P 2003 Eur. J. Oper. Res. 148 335 Google Scholar
[17]	Su H L, Lan F C, He Y Y, Chen J Q 2020 Eng. Computation 37 1423 Google Scholar
[18]	陈颖, 王文跃, 于娜 2014 物理学报 63 034205 Google Scholar Chen Y, Wang W Y, Yu N 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 034205 Google Scholar
[19]	厉梦瑶, 徐光跃, 郑加金, 李培丽 2021 光电子·激光 32 799 Google Scholar Li M Y, Xu G Y, Zheng J J, Li P L 2021 J. Optoelectronics·Laser 32 799 Google Scholar
[20]	费宏明, 严帅, 徐瑜成, 林瀚, 武敏, 杨毅彪, 陈智辉, 田媛, 张娅敏 2020 物理学报 69 184214 Google Scholar Fei H M, Yan S, Xu Y C, Lin H, Wu M, Yang Y B, Chen Z H, Tian Y, Zhang Y M 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 184214 Google Scholar
[21]	郗翔, 叶康平, 伍瑞新 2020 物理学报 69 154102 Google Scholar Xi X, Ye K P, Wu R X 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 154102 Google Scholar
[22]	赵绚, 刘晨, 马会丽, 冯帅 2017 物理学报 66 114208 Google Scholar Zhao X, Liu C, Ma H L, Feng S 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 114208 Google Scholar
[23]	Park H, Lee S 2020 ACS Photonics 7 1577 Google Scholar
[24]	Hsieh M L, Chen S Y, Kaiser A, Yan Y J, Frey B, Bhat I, Dahal R, Bhattacharya S, John S, Lin S Y 2019 AIP Adv. 9 085206 Google Scholar

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