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The alignment of molecules in the femtosecond laser field induces the refractive index of the propagation medium to change, resulting in the spectral modulation effect. In this paper, the time evolution of the wavelength offset of a probe laser pulse under the influence of the non-adiabatic molecular alignment and Kerr effect is measured experimentally by the pump-probe method in nitrogen medium, and the alignment degree of N2 molecules is obtained. By solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation theoretically, the expression of the degree of molecular non-adiabatic alignment is obtained, and the time evolution of non-adiabatic alignment of N2 molecules is calculated. Taking into account the combined influence of the non-adiabatic molecular alignment and Kerr effect on the change of refractive index of the propagation medium, the modulation effect of birefringence on the spectrum of the probe pulse is achieved. The experimental result accords well with the theoretical calculation, demonstrating that the spectral modulation results obtained by experimental measurement can be used to characterize the alignment degree. Further, the double pulse pump method is used to control the degree of molecular alignment. It is found that the degree of molecular alignment can be enhanced by the double pulse pump method. Moreover, by adjusting the delay time between the two pump laser pulses, that is, adding the second pump laser pulse at one rotational period and half rotational period, respectively, the enhancement and loss of the alignment of N2 molecules can be achieved, which is named the “alignment switch” effect. The molecular alignment control induced by the double pulse pump method can also be applied to the other molecular systems with different alignment and anti-alignment times, such as CO2 molecules and O2 molecules, indicating that the double pulse pump method can be used universally.
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Keywords:
- femtosecond laser /
- non-adiabatic molecular alignment /
- birefringence /
- alignment modulation
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图 1 N2分子非绝热准直的时间演化
Figure 1. Time evolution of non-adiabatic alignment of N2 molecules.
图 2 实验装置示意图 (HR, 高反射镜; DM, 二向色镜)
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup (HR, high reflectivity mirror; DM, dichroic mirror).
图 3 光谱调制的时间演化 (a) 实验测量的探测激光光谱; (b) 探测激光的平均波长
Figure 3. Time evolution of spectral modulation: (a) Probe laser spectra measured experimentally; (b) the average wavelength of the probe laser.
图 4 探测激光波长偏移量的时间演化 (a) 理论计算; (b) 实验测量
Figure 4. Time evolution of the probe laser’s wavelength offset: (a) Theoretical calculation; (b) experimental measurement.
图 5 延迟时间为8.4 ps的双脉冲泵浦与单脉冲泵浦下N2分子准直度的时间演化 (a) 激光功率密度为3×1013 W/cm2的单脉冲泵浦; (b) 激光功率密度为6×1013 W/cm2的单脉冲泵浦
Figure 5. Time evolution of alignment of N2 molecules for double pulses pumping with a delay of 8.4 ps and single-pulse pumping: (a) Single-pulse pumping with the same laser power density; (b) single-pulse pumping with double laser power density.
图 6 延迟时间为4.2 ps的双脉冲泵浦与单脉冲泵浦下N2分子准直度的时间演化
Figure 6. Time evolution of alignment of N2 molecules for double pulses pumping with a delay of 4.2 ps and single pulse pumping.
图 7 不同延迟时间的双脉冲泵浦与单脉冲泵浦下CO2和O2 的准直度的时间演化 (a), (b) CO2分子体系; (c), (d) O2分子体系
Figure 7. Time evolution of the alignment degree of CO2 molecules and O2 molecules for double pulse pump with different delays and single pulse pump: (a), (b) Molecular system of CO2; (c), (d) molecular system of O2.
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[1] Zon B A, Katsnelson B G 1975 Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 69 1166
Google Scholar
[2] Litvinyuk I V, Lee K F, Dooley P W, Rayner D M, Villeneuve D M, Corkum P B 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 233003
Google Scholar
[3] Cai H, Wu J, Couairon A, Zeng H 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 827
Google Scholar
[4] Feng Y H, Pan H F, Liu J, Chen C, Wu J, Zeng H P 2011 Opt. Express 19 2852
Google Scholar
[5] Marceau C, Chen Y P, Théberge F, Châteauneuf M, Dubois J, Chin S L 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 1417
Google Scholar
[6] Yu Z Q, Su Q, Zhang N, Gao H, Zhang Z, Chu C Y, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Liu W W 2021 Opt. Laser Technol. 141 107179
Google Scholar
[7] Kaya N, Kaya G, Boran Y, Kolomenski A, Schuessler H A 2021 Optik 242 167360
Google Scholar
[8] Akagi H, Kumada T, Otobe T, Itakura R, Hasegawa H, Ohshima Y 2018 Appl. Phys. B 124 14
Google Scholar
[9] Itatani J, Levesque J, Zeidler D, Niikura H, Pepin H, Kieffer J C, Corkum P B, Villeneuve D M 2004 Nature 432 867
Google Scholar
[10] Gordon R J, Zhu L, Schroeder W A, Seideman T 2003 J. Appl. Phys. 94 669
Google Scholar
[11] Guo X L, Jin C, He Z Q, Yao J P, Zhou X X, Cheng Y 2021 Opt. Express 29 1613
Google Scholar
[12] Qin M Y, Zhu X S 2017 Opt. Laser Technol. 87 79
Google Scholar
[13] Zhai C, Zhang X, Zhu X, He L, Zhang Y, Wang B, Zhang Q, Lan P, Lu P 2018 Opt. Express 26 2775
Google Scholar
[14] Wang J, Liu A H, Yuan K J 2020 Opt. Commun 460 125216
Google Scholar
[15] Jiang C Z, Jiang H R, Chen Y B, Li B C, Lin C D, Jin C 2022 Phys. Rev. A 105 023111
Google Scholar
[16] Yang Z, Cao W, Mo Y, Xu H, Mi K, Lan P, Zhang Q, Lu P 2021 Natl. Sci. Rev. 8 nwaa211
Google Scholar
[17] Jin C, Wang S J, Zhao S F, Le A T, Lin C D 2020 Phys. Rev. A 102 013108
Google Scholar
[18] He Y, He L, Lan P, Wang B, Li L, Zhu X, Cao W, Lu P 2019 Phys. Rev. A 99 053419
Google Scholar
[19] Bisgaard C Z, Poulsen M D, Péronne E, Viftrup S S, Stapelfeldt H 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 173004
Google Scholar
[20] Ma Z R, Zou X, Zhao L R, Qi F F, Jiang T, Zhu P F, Xiang D, Zhang J 2022 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 119 e2122793119
Google Scholar
[21] Langevin D, Brown J M, Gaarde M B, Couairon A 2019 Phys. Rev. A 99 063418
Google Scholar
[22] Wang Q J, Chen R, Zhao J C, Sun C L, Wang X Z, Ding J J, Liu Z Y, Hu B T 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 013301
Google Scholar
[23] Ding J J, Ding P J, Liu Z Y, Hu B T 2016 Sci. Chin. Phy. Mech. Astron. 59 633001
Google Scholar
[24] Yuan S, Li M, Feng Y, Li H, Zheng L, Chin S L, Zeng H 2015 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 094018
Google Scholar
[25] Loriot V, Hertz E, Faucher O, Lavorel B 2010 Opt. Express 18 3011
Google Scholar
[26] Boyd R W 2020 Nonlinear Optics (4th Ed.) (New York: Academic Press) p358
[27] Kumarappan V, Bisgaard C Z, Viftrup S S, Holmegaard L, Stapelfeldt H 2006 J. Chem. Phys. 125 194309
Google Scholar
[28] Averbukh I S, Arvieu R 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 163601
Google Scholar
[29] Karamatskos E T, Raabe S, Mullins T, Trabattoni, Stammer P, Goidsztejn G, Johansen R R, Dlugolecki K, Stapelfeldt H, Vrakking M J J, Trippel S, Rouzée A, Küpper J 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 3364
Google Scholar
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