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Migration properties of Li+ in Li1+x AlxTi2–x(PO4)3

Li Mei Zhong Shu-Ying Hu Jun-Ping Sun Bao-Zhen Xu Bo

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Migration properties of Li+ in Li1+x AlxTi2–x(PO4)3

Li Mei, Zhong Shu-Ying, Hu Jun-Ping, Sun Bao-Zhen, Xu Bo
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  • NASICON-type materials are specific skeleton structures in which ions move in three dimensions. Li1+xAlxTi2–x(PO4)3 (LATP) is a promising NASICON-type solid-state electrolyte for Li-ion batteries, due to its relatively high Li+ conductivity, chemical stability to air and moisture, and mechanical strength. Motivated by this, we study the doping and electronic properties of Li1+xAlxTi2–x(PO4)3 (x = 0.00, 0.16, 0.33, 0.50) and the transport properties of Li+ in them by using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory as implemented in Vienna ab initio Simulation Package (VASP). The results indicate that Al can substitute Ti to form a stable structure. When the Al doping concentration is x = 0.16, the average bond length of Li—O bond is longest and the bonding strength is weakest, this may lead to the expansion of channels for Li+ migration, which facilitates the diffusion of Li+. With the increase of Al doping concentration, the strength of Ti—O bond remains almost unchanged. The electronic structure calculations exhibit that with the increase of Al doping concentration, the bandgap of LATP does not change much, and LATP shows semiconductor characteristic. The differential charge results indicate that more electrons are localized on O-atoms surrounding the Al-dopant, causing the AlO6 groups to form polarization centers. The study on the migration properties of Li+ indicates that Li+ exhibits different migration characteristics in three different migration modes (vacancy migration, interstitial migration, and cooperative migration). With the increase of Al doping concentration, the migration barrier of Li+ increases via vacancies involving only lattice site migration, and the migration barrier for LATP-0.16 is lowest (0.369 eV). While in interstitial migration involving only interstitial sites, the migration barrier of Li+ decreases accordingly. When the Al doping concentration is x = 0.50, the migration barrier is lowest (0.342 eV). In terms of cooperative migration, this migration mode involves both vacancy and interstitial sites, so the migration barrier first decreases and then increases with the increase of Al doping concentration. Thus, our study suggests that by varying the concentration of Al doping, the interstitial Li+ content, migration channel structure, and the migration performance of Li+ can be changed favorably. Our results provide a theoretical basis for improving the ion conductivity of Li in LATP by varying the Al doping concentration in experiment.
      Corresponding author: Zhong Shu-Ying, syzhong@jxnu.edu.cn ; Xu Bo, bxu4@mail.ustc.edu.cn
    • Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12064015) and the Science Foundation for PH.D.s of Jiangxi Normal University, China (Grant No. 7957).
    [1]

    Nitta N, Wu F X, Lee J T, Yushin G 2015 Mater. Today 18 252Google Scholar

    [2]

    Abraham K M 2015 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6 830Google Scholar

    [3]

    Tarascon J M 2010 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368 3227Google Scholar

    [4]

    Quartarone E, Mustarelli P 2011 Chem. Soc. Rev. 40 2525Google Scholar

    [5]

    Zhang B K, Tan R, Yang L Y, Zheng J X, Zhang K C, Mo S J, Lin Z, Pan F 2018 Energy Storage Mater. 10 139Google Scholar

    [6]

    Chen R, Qu W, Guo X, Li L, Wu F 2016 Mater. Horiz. 3 487Google Scholar

    [7]

    Wang Y, Zhong W H 2015 Chem. Electro. Chem. 2 3Google Scholar

    [8]

    Bruce P G, Freunberger S A, Hardwick L J, Tarascon J M 2011 Nat. Mater. 11 19Google Scholar

    [9]

    Kato Y, Hori S, Saito T, Suzuki K, Hirayama M, Mitsui A, Yonemura M, Iba H, Kanno R 2016 Nat. Energy 1 16030Google Scholar

    [10]

    Bachman J C, Muy S, Grimaud A, Chang H H, Pour N, Lux S F, Paschos O, Maglia F, Lupart S, Lamp P, Giordano L, Shao-Horn Y 2016 Chem. Rev. 116 140Google Scholar

    [11]

    Croce F, Appetecchi G B, Persi L, Scrosati B 1998 Nature 394 456Google Scholar

    [12]

    Xiao Z L, Long T Y, Song L B, Zheng Y H, Wang C 2022 Ionics 28 15Google Scholar

    [13]

    Xi G, Xiao M, Wang S J, Han D M, Li Y N, Meng Y Z 2020 Adv. Funct. Mater. 31 2007598Google Scholar

    [14]

    Zhang Z Z, Wenzel S, Zhu Y Z, Sann J, Shen L, Yang J, Yao X Y, Hu Y S, Wolverton C, Li H, Chen L Q, Janek J 2020 ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 3 7427Google Scholar

    [15]

    Chen X F, Guan Z Q, Chu F L, Xue Z C, Wu F X, Yu Y 2021 Info. Mat. 4 e12248Google Scholar

    [16]

    吴洁, 江小标, 杨旸, 吴勇民, 朱蕾, 汤卫平 2020 储能科学与技术 9 1472Google Scholar

    Wu J, Jiang X B, Yang Y, Wu Y M, Zhu L, Tang W P 2020 Energy Stor. Sci. Tech. 9 1472Google Scholar

    [17]

    Zhang L X, Liu Y M, Han J, Yang C, Zhou X, Yuan Y, You Y 2023 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15 44867Google Scholar

    [18]

    Subramanian M A, Subramanian R, Clearfield A 1986 Solid State Ionics 18-19 562Google Scholar

    [19]

    Kresse G, Furthmüller J 1996 Phys. Rev. B 54 11169Google Scholar

    [20]

    Adachi G Y, Imanaka N, Aono H 1996 Adv. Mater. 8 127Google Scholar

    [21]

    Aono H, Sugimoto E, Sadaoka Y, Imanaka N, Adachi G Y 1990 J. Electrochem. Soc. 137 1023Google Scholar

    [22]

    Schroeder M, Glatthaar S, Binder J R 2011 Solid State Ionics. 201 49Google Scholar

    [23]

    Mariappan C R, Gellert M, Yada C, Rosciano F, Roling B 2012 Electrochem. Commun. 14 25Google Scholar

    [24]

    Yin F S, Zhang Z J, Fang Y L, Sun C W 2023 J. Energy Stor. 73 108950Google Scholar

    [25]

    Arbi K, Lazarraga M G, Ben Hassen Chehimi D, Ayadi-Trabelsi M, Rojo J, Sanz J 2004 Chem. Mater. 16 255Google Scholar

    [26]

    Monchak M, Hupfer T, Senyshyn A, Boysen H, Chernyshov D, Hansen T, Schell K G, Bucharsky E C, Hoffmann M J, Ehrenberg H 2016 Inorg. Chem. 55 2941Google Scholar

    [27]

    Arbi K, Hoelzel M, Kuhn A, Garcia-Alvarado F, Sanz J 2013 Inorg. Chem. 52 9290Google Scholar

    [28]

    Rao A V, Veeraiah V, Rao A P, Babu B K, Latha B S, Rao K R 2014 B Mater. Sci. 37 883Google Scholar

    [29]

    Luo Y Y, Liu X Y, Wen C J, Ning T X, Jiang X X, Lu A X 2023 Appl. Phys. A 129 518Google Scholar

    [30]

    Liang Y J, Peng C, Kamiike Y, Kuroda K, Okido M 2019 J. Alloys Compd. 775 1147Google Scholar

    [31]

    Luo Y Y, Jiang X X, Yu Y J, Liu L D, Lin X T, Wang Z K, Han L, Luo Z W, Lu A X 2023 Solid State Ionics 390 116111Google Scholar

    [32]

    Tian H K, Jalem R, Gao B, Yamamoto Y, Muto S, Sakakura M, Iriyama Y, Tateyama Y 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 54752Google Scholar

    [33]

    Aono H, Sugimota E, Sadaoka Y, Imanaka N, Adachi Gi Y 1993 J. Electrochem. Soc. 140 1827Google Scholar

    [34]

    Wu P F, Zhou W W, Su X, Li J Y, Su M, Zhou X C, Sheldon B W, Lu W Q 2022 Adv. Energy Mater. 13 2203440Google Scholar

    [35]

    任元, 邹喆乂, 赵倩, 王达, 喻嘉, 施思齐 2020 物理学报 69 226601Google Scholar

    Ren Y, Zou Z Y, Zhao Q, Wang D, Yu J, Shi S Q 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 226601Google Scholar

    [36]

    Yang K, Chen L K, Ma J B, He Y B, Kang F Y 2021 Info. Mat. 3 1195Google Scholar

    [37]

    Zhang B K, Lin Z, Dong H F, Wang L W, Pan F 2020 J. Mater. Chem. A 8 342Google Scholar

    [38]

    Kotobuki M, Koishi M 2019 J. Asian Ceram 7 69Google Scholar

    [39]

    Vinod Chandran C, Pristat S, Witt E, Tietz F, Heitjans P 2016 J. Phys. Chem. C 120 8436Google Scholar

    [40]

    Shi S Q, Gao J, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Ju W W, Ouyang C Y, Xiao R J 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 018212Google Scholar

    [41]

    Dashjav E, Tietz F 2014 Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 640 3070Google Scholar

    [42]

    王田田 2022 博士学位论文 (上海: 中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所)

    Wang T T 2022 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanghai: Shanghai Institude of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

    [43]

    Francisco B E, Stoldt C R, M’Peko J C 2014 Chem. Mater. 26 4741Google Scholar

    [44]

    He S N, Xu Y L, Zhang B F, Sun X F, Chen Y J, Jin Y L 2018 Chem. Eng. J. 345 483Google Scholar

    [45]

    Lang B, Ziebarth B, Elsässer C 2015 Chem. Mater. 27 5040Google Scholar

    [46]

    Alami M, Brochu R, Soubeyroux J L, Gravereau P, Flem G L, Hagenmuller P 1991 J. Solid State Chem. 90 185Google Scholar

    [47]

    Qui D T, Hamdoune S, Soubeyroux J L, Prince E 1988 J. Solid State Chem. 72 309Google Scholar

    [48]

    Redhammer G J, Rettenwander D, Pristat S, Dashjav E, Kumar C M N, Topa D, Tietz F 2016 Solid State Sci. 60 99Google Scholar

    [49]

    Pérez-Estébanez M, Isasi-Marín J, Többens D M, Rivera-Calzada A, León C 2014 Solid State Ionics 266 1Google Scholar

    [50]

    Kresse G, Joubert D 1999 Phys. Rev. B 59 1758Google Scholar

    [51]

    Perdew J P, Burke K, Ernzerhof M 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 3865Google Scholar

    [52]

    Perdew J P, Ernzerhof M, Burke K 1996 J. Chem. Phys. 105 9982Google Scholar

    [53]

    James D P, Hendrik J M 1977 Phys. Rev. B 16 1748Google Scholar

    [54]

    Henkelman G, Uberuaga B P, Jónsson H 2000 J. Chem. Phys. 113 9901Google Scholar

    [55]

    Daniel P, Daniel M, Daniel F U 2021 Solid State Ionics 359 115521Google Scholar

    [56]

    姚登浪, 黄泽琛, 郭祥, 丁召, 王一 2024 原子与分子物理学报 41 153Google Scholar

    Yao D L, Huang Z C, Guo X, Ding Z, Wang Y 2024 J. At. Mol. Phys. 41 153Google Scholar

    [57]

    Tian H K, Liu Z, Ji Y Z, Chen L Q, Qi Y 2019 Chem. Mater. 31 7351Google Scholar

    [58]

    Lu X, Wang S H, Xiao R J, Shi S Q, Li H, Chen L Q 2017 Nano Energy 41 626Google Scholar

    [59]

    Woodcock D A, Lightfoot P 1999 J. Mater. Chem. 9 2907Google Scholar

    [60]

    He X F, Zhu Y Z, Mo Y F 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15893Google Scholar

    [61]

    Kosova N V, Devyatkina E T, Stepanov A P, Buzlukov A L 2008 Ionics 14 303Google Scholar

    [62]

    Case D, McSloy A J, Sharpe R, Yeandel S R, Bartlett T, Cookson J, Dashjav E, Tietz F, Naveen Kumar C M, Goddard P 2020 Solid State Ionics 346 115192Google Scholar

  • 图 1  (a) LTP晶体结构, TiO6八面体和PO4四面体共顶点连接形成三维骨架, 蓝色八面体为[Ti/Al]O6, 灰色四面体为PO4; (b) LTP晶体结构中Li的间隙位点, 绿色球为Li6b位点, 紫红色球为Li18e位点, 橙色球为Li36f位点

    Figure 1.  (a) LTP crystal structure, TO6 octahedron and PO4 tetrahedron are connected together to form a three dimensional skeleton, the blue octahedron is [Ti/Al]O6, and the gray tetrahedron is PO4; (b) the interstitial sites of Li in the LTP crystal structure: the green sphere is the Li6b site, the purple-red sphere is the Li18e site, and the orange sphere is the Li36f site.

    图 2  不同浓度下优化后的LATP结构 (a) LATP-0.16; (b) LATP-0.33; (c) LATP-0.50

    Figure 2.  Relaxed LATP structures at different concentrations: (a) LATP-0.16; (b) LATP-0.33; (c) LATP-0.50.

    图 3  LTP和LATP中Li+在迁移过程中势垒最高点处的迁移离子的Li—O键长和邻近Ti离子的Ti—O键长及其八面体体积(a) Li—O键键长及LiO6八面体体积; (b) Ti—O键键长及TiO6八面体体积

    Figure 3.  Li—O bond length and octahedral volume of the migrating ion and the nearest ion at the highest barrier during migration in LTP and LATP: (a) Length of Li—O and the volume of LiO6 octahedral; (b) length of Ti—O and the volume of TiO6 octahedral.

    图 4  LATP (x = 0.16, 0.33, 0.50)相对于LTP和Al的差分电荷密度 (a) LATP-0.16; (b) LATP-0.33; (c) LATP-0.50. 黄色区域表示电荷积累, 等值面值为1×10–3 e3

    Figure 4.  Charge density differences of LATP (x = 0.16, 0.33, 0.50) with respect to LTP and Al: (a) LATP-0.16; (b) LATP-0.33; (c) LATP-0.50. The yellow region represents charge accumulation, the isosurface value is 1×10–3 e3.

    图 5  LTP和LATP (x = 0.16, 0.33, 0.50)的总态密度和投影态密度, 插图为费米能级附近的局部放大

    Figure 5.  Calculated total and partial density of states for the LTP and LATP (x = 0.16, 0.33, 0.50) structures, the Fermi energy is at zero, the illustration is partially enlarged near the Fermi level.

    图 6  (a), (b) Li+在LTP和LATP中通过空位迁移的迁移势垒; (c) Li+的迁移路径

    Figure 6.  (a), (b) Migration barrier of Li+ transported by vacancy migration in LTP and LATP; (c) the migration path of Li+.

    图 7  (a), (b) Li+在LTP和LATP中通过间隙位迁移的迁移势垒; (c) Li+的迁移路径

    Figure 7.  (a), (b) Migration barrier of Li+ transported by interstitial migration in LTP and LATP; (c) the migration path of Li+.

    图 8  (a), (b) Li+在LTP和LATP中通过协同迁移的迁移势垒; (c) Li+的迁移路径

    Figure 8.  (a), (b) Migration barrier of Li+ transported by cooperative migration in LTP and LATP; (c) the migration path of Li+.

    表 1  LTP及不同Al掺杂浓度下LATP结构的晶格参数, 晶胞体积与掺杂能

    Table 1.  Lattice constants, volume of hexagonal unit cell, Al defect formation energies of LTP and LATP structures with different Al-doping concentration.

    体系 a b c V3 掺杂能/eV
    LTP 8.615 8.615 21.097 1355.97
    Theory[5] 8.63 8.63 21.13
    Experiment[41] 8.511 8.511 20.843 1307.53
    LATP-0.16 8.619 8.620 21.021 1352.33 –4.14
    LATP-0.33 8.614 8.614 20.924 1343.79 –3.97
    Experiment[55] 8.50 8.50 20.82
    LATP-0.50 8.607 8.603 20.876 1337.75 –4.01
    Experiment[48] 8.4897 8.4897 20.7635 1296.03
    DownLoad: CSV

    表 2  优化后的LTP和LATP结构中的平均键长和八面体体积

    Table 2.  Average bond lengths and the octahedral volume in relaxed LTP and LATP structures.

    结构 Li—O/Å $ {V}_{{\mathrm{L}}{\mathrm{i}}{\mathrm{O}}_6} $/Å3 Ti—O/Å $ {V}_{{\mathrm{T}}{\mathrm{i}}{\mathrm{O}}_6} $/Å3
    LTP 2.276 13.656 1.960 9.936
    LATP-0.16 2.284 13.681 1.960 9.935
    LATP-0.33 2.272 13.521 1.958 9.912
    LATP-0.50 2.279 13.492 1.959 9.840
    DownLoad: CSV
  • [1]

    Nitta N, Wu F X, Lee J T, Yushin G 2015 Mater. Today 18 252Google Scholar

    [2]

    Abraham K M 2015 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6 830Google Scholar

    [3]

    Tarascon J M 2010 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368 3227Google Scholar

    [4]

    Quartarone E, Mustarelli P 2011 Chem. Soc. Rev. 40 2525Google Scholar

    [5]

    Zhang B K, Tan R, Yang L Y, Zheng J X, Zhang K C, Mo S J, Lin Z, Pan F 2018 Energy Storage Mater. 10 139Google Scholar

    [6]

    Chen R, Qu W, Guo X, Li L, Wu F 2016 Mater. Horiz. 3 487Google Scholar

    [7]

    Wang Y, Zhong W H 2015 Chem. Electro. Chem. 2 3Google Scholar

    [8]

    Bruce P G, Freunberger S A, Hardwick L J, Tarascon J M 2011 Nat. Mater. 11 19Google Scholar

    [9]

    Kato Y, Hori S, Saito T, Suzuki K, Hirayama M, Mitsui A, Yonemura M, Iba H, Kanno R 2016 Nat. Energy 1 16030Google Scholar

    [10]

    Bachman J C, Muy S, Grimaud A, Chang H H, Pour N, Lux S F, Paschos O, Maglia F, Lupart S, Lamp P, Giordano L, Shao-Horn Y 2016 Chem. Rev. 116 140Google Scholar

    [11]

    Croce F, Appetecchi G B, Persi L, Scrosati B 1998 Nature 394 456Google Scholar

    [12]

    Xiao Z L, Long T Y, Song L B, Zheng Y H, Wang C 2022 Ionics 28 15Google Scholar

    [13]

    Xi G, Xiao M, Wang S J, Han D M, Li Y N, Meng Y Z 2020 Adv. Funct. Mater. 31 2007598Google Scholar

    [14]

    Zhang Z Z, Wenzel S, Zhu Y Z, Sann J, Shen L, Yang J, Yao X Y, Hu Y S, Wolverton C, Li H, Chen L Q, Janek J 2020 ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 3 7427Google Scholar

    [15]

    Chen X F, Guan Z Q, Chu F L, Xue Z C, Wu F X, Yu Y 2021 Info. Mat. 4 e12248Google Scholar

    [16]

    吴洁, 江小标, 杨旸, 吴勇民, 朱蕾, 汤卫平 2020 储能科学与技术 9 1472Google Scholar

    Wu J, Jiang X B, Yang Y, Wu Y M, Zhu L, Tang W P 2020 Energy Stor. Sci. Tech. 9 1472Google Scholar

    [17]

    Zhang L X, Liu Y M, Han J, Yang C, Zhou X, Yuan Y, You Y 2023 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15 44867Google Scholar

    [18]

    Subramanian M A, Subramanian R, Clearfield A 1986 Solid State Ionics 18-19 562Google Scholar

    [19]

    Kresse G, Furthmüller J 1996 Phys. Rev. B 54 11169Google Scholar

    [20]

    Adachi G Y, Imanaka N, Aono H 1996 Adv. Mater. 8 127Google Scholar

    [21]

    Aono H, Sugimoto E, Sadaoka Y, Imanaka N, Adachi G Y 1990 J. Electrochem. Soc. 137 1023Google Scholar

    [22]

    Schroeder M, Glatthaar S, Binder J R 2011 Solid State Ionics. 201 49Google Scholar

    [23]

    Mariappan C R, Gellert M, Yada C, Rosciano F, Roling B 2012 Electrochem. Commun. 14 25Google Scholar

    [24]

    Yin F S, Zhang Z J, Fang Y L, Sun C W 2023 J. Energy Stor. 73 108950Google Scholar

    [25]

    Arbi K, Lazarraga M G, Ben Hassen Chehimi D, Ayadi-Trabelsi M, Rojo J, Sanz J 2004 Chem. Mater. 16 255Google Scholar

    [26]

    Monchak M, Hupfer T, Senyshyn A, Boysen H, Chernyshov D, Hansen T, Schell K G, Bucharsky E C, Hoffmann M J, Ehrenberg H 2016 Inorg. Chem. 55 2941Google Scholar

    [27]

    Arbi K, Hoelzel M, Kuhn A, Garcia-Alvarado F, Sanz J 2013 Inorg. Chem. 52 9290Google Scholar

    [28]

    Rao A V, Veeraiah V, Rao A P, Babu B K, Latha B S, Rao K R 2014 B Mater. Sci. 37 883Google Scholar

    [29]

    Luo Y Y, Liu X Y, Wen C J, Ning T X, Jiang X X, Lu A X 2023 Appl. Phys. A 129 518Google Scholar

    [30]

    Liang Y J, Peng C, Kamiike Y, Kuroda K, Okido M 2019 J. Alloys Compd. 775 1147Google Scholar

    [31]

    Luo Y Y, Jiang X X, Yu Y J, Liu L D, Lin X T, Wang Z K, Han L, Luo Z W, Lu A X 2023 Solid State Ionics 390 116111Google Scholar

    [32]

    Tian H K, Jalem R, Gao B, Yamamoto Y, Muto S, Sakakura M, Iriyama Y, Tateyama Y 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 54752Google Scholar

    [33]

    Aono H, Sugimota E, Sadaoka Y, Imanaka N, Adachi Gi Y 1993 J. Electrochem. Soc. 140 1827Google Scholar

    [34]

    Wu P F, Zhou W W, Su X, Li J Y, Su M, Zhou X C, Sheldon B W, Lu W Q 2022 Adv. Energy Mater. 13 2203440Google Scholar

    [35]

    任元, 邹喆乂, 赵倩, 王达, 喻嘉, 施思齐 2020 物理学报 69 226601Google Scholar

    Ren Y, Zou Z Y, Zhao Q, Wang D, Yu J, Shi S Q 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 226601Google Scholar

    [36]

    Yang K, Chen L K, Ma J B, He Y B, Kang F Y 2021 Info. Mat. 3 1195Google Scholar

    [37]

    Zhang B K, Lin Z, Dong H F, Wang L W, Pan F 2020 J. Mater. Chem. A 8 342Google Scholar

    [38]

    Kotobuki M, Koishi M 2019 J. Asian Ceram 7 69Google Scholar

    [39]

    Vinod Chandran C, Pristat S, Witt E, Tietz F, Heitjans P 2016 J. Phys. Chem. C 120 8436Google Scholar

    [40]

    Shi S Q, Gao J, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Ju W W, Ouyang C Y, Xiao R J 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 018212Google Scholar

    [41]

    Dashjav E, Tietz F 2014 Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 640 3070Google Scholar

    [42]

    王田田 2022 博士学位论文 (上海: 中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所)

    Wang T T 2022 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanghai: Shanghai Institude of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

    [43]

    Francisco B E, Stoldt C R, M’Peko J C 2014 Chem. Mater. 26 4741Google Scholar

    [44]

    He S N, Xu Y L, Zhang B F, Sun X F, Chen Y J, Jin Y L 2018 Chem. Eng. J. 345 483Google Scholar

    [45]

    Lang B, Ziebarth B, Elsässer C 2015 Chem. Mater. 27 5040Google Scholar

    [46]

    Alami M, Brochu R, Soubeyroux J L, Gravereau P, Flem G L, Hagenmuller P 1991 J. Solid State Chem. 90 185Google Scholar

    [47]

    Qui D T, Hamdoune S, Soubeyroux J L, Prince E 1988 J. Solid State Chem. 72 309Google Scholar

    [48]

    Redhammer G J, Rettenwander D, Pristat S, Dashjav E, Kumar C M N, Topa D, Tietz F 2016 Solid State Sci. 60 99Google Scholar

    [49]

    Pérez-Estébanez M, Isasi-Marín J, Többens D M, Rivera-Calzada A, León C 2014 Solid State Ionics 266 1Google Scholar

    [50]

    Kresse G, Joubert D 1999 Phys. Rev. B 59 1758Google Scholar

    [51]

    Perdew J P, Burke K, Ernzerhof M 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 3865Google Scholar

    [52]

    Perdew J P, Ernzerhof M, Burke K 1996 J. Chem. Phys. 105 9982Google Scholar

    [53]

    James D P, Hendrik J M 1977 Phys. Rev. B 16 1748Google Scholar

    [54]

    Henkelman G, Uberuaga B P, Jónsson H 2000 J. Chem. Phys. 113 9901Google Scholar

    [55]

    Daniel P, Daniel M, Daniel F U 2021 Solid State Ionics 359 115521Google Scholar

    [56]

    姚登浪, 黄泽琛, 郭祥, 丁召, 王一 2024 原子与分子物理学报 41 153Google Scholar

    Yao D L, Huang Z C, Guo X, Ding Z, Wang Y 2024 J. At. Mol. Phys. 41 153Google Scholar

    [57]

    Tian H K, Liu Z, Ji Y Z, Chen L Q, Qi Y 2019 Chem. Mater. 31 7351Google Scholar

    [58]

    Lu X, Wang S H, Xiao R J, Shi S Q, Li H, Chen L Q 2017 Nano Energy 41 626Google Scholar

    [59]

    Woodcock D A, Lightfoot P 1999 J. Mater. Chem. 9 2907Google Scholar

    [60]

    He X F, Zhu Y Z, Mo Y F 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15893Google Scholar

    [61]

    Kosova N V, Devyatkina E T, Stepanov A P, Buzlukov A L 2008 Ionics 14 303Google Scholar

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    Case D, McSloy A J, Sharpe R, Yeandel S R, Bartlett T, Cookson J, Dashjav E, Tietz F, Naveen Kumar C M, Goddard P 2020 Solid State Ionics 346 115192Google Scholar

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Metrics
  • Abstract views:  1751
  • PDF Downloads:  47
  • Cited By: 0
Publishing process
  • Received Date:  08 January 2024
  • Accepted Date:  01 May 2024
  • Available Online:  17 May 2024
  • Published Online:  05 July 2024

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