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Facile synthesis of phase-adjustable CsPbBr3-Cs4PbBr6 composite nanocrystals and in-situ study of phase transformation process

Chen Xue-Lian ,  Shen Yan-Bing ,  Yuan Zhi-Cong ,  Li Kai-Rui ,  Pan Xi-Qiang

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Facile synthesis of phase-adjustable CsPbBr3-Cs4PbBr6 composite nanocrystals and in-situ study of phase transformation process

Chen Xue-Lian, Shen Yan-Bing, Yuan Zhi-Cong, Li Kai-Rui, Pan Xi-Qiang
Acta Phys. Sin., 2024, 73(9): 096801.
doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20240247
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  • Abstract

    All-inorganic cesium lead halide perovskites have shown great potential applications in optoelectronic field due to their fascinating optical properties. Although perovskite materials have achieved great success in various fields, their inherent ionic properties and high dynamic surface properties have led to their poor stability, hindering their applications. The preparation of CsPbBr3-Cs4PbBr6 nanocrystals has proven to be an effective strategy to enhance their photoluminescence properties and stability. Herein, we report an easy synthesis of CsPbBr3-Cs4PbBr6 nanocrystals with a diphase structure at room temperature by using Cs-OA, Pb-OA and TOABr as precursors in toluene. It is found that the phase transformation and the relative composition between CsPbBr3 and Cs4PbBr6 are dependent on the concentration of TOABr and the ratio of Cs/Pb. The in-situ PL experiments reveal that the formation of ~12 nm CsPbBr3 nanocubes experiences the fast nucleation, the focusing growth of size-distribution in early growth stage and Ostwald ripening growth in the later stage at a TOABr concentration of 0.16 mmol. With the increase of concentration of TOABr or molar ratio of Cs/Pb > 1 (Cs/Pb < 1), [PbBr4]2– complex and [PbBr3]– complex can coexist and compete with each other in toluene, and the CsPbBr3 nucleations dominate in the early stage, then CsPbBr3-Cs4PbBr6 nanocomposites are gradually formed on CsPbBr3 nucleations as photoluminescence centers due to the continuous generation of [PbBr4]2– complex between TOABr and Pb2+. The relative composition of Cs4PbBr6 in CsPbBr3-Cs4PbBr6 nanocomposites can be improved from 4% to 85% with the concentration of TOABr increasing or Cs/Pb < 1. The optimized CsPbBr3-Cs4PbBr6 composite nanocrystals possess high PLQY and stability. Our work provides an understanding of the mechanism of phase transformation in cesium lead halide perovskite materials.

    Authors and contacts

    • 1.

      School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China

    • 2.

      College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China

      • Corresponding author: Chen Xue-Lian, chenxl@xsyu.edu.cn
    • Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62104191) and the Postgraduate Innovation and Practical Ability Training Program of Xi’an Shiyou University, China (Grant No. YCS23113077).

    Supplements

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    Yoon S J, Stamplecoskie K G, Kamat P V 2016 J. Phys. Chem. C 7 1368Google Scholar

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    Hui J, Jiang Y N, Gökçinar Ö Ö, Tang J B, Yu Q Y, Zhang M, Yu K 2020 Chem. Mater. 32 4574Google Scholar

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    Montanarella F, Akkerman Q A, Bonatz D, van der Sluijs M M, van der Bok J C, Prins P T, Aebli M, Mews A, Vanmaekelbergh D, Kovalenko M V 2023 Nano Lett. 23 667Google Scholar

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  • 图 1  不同TOABr用量下所得铯铅溴纳米晶溶液的PL光谱(a)和UV-vis吸收光谱(b)

    Figure 1.  (a) PL spectra (a) and UV-vis absorption spectra (b) of cesium lead bromide nanocrystal suspension at different dosages of TOABr.

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    图 2  (a)—(d)不同TOABr用量下所得铯铅溴纳米晶的TEM表征和晶粒尺寸统计结果, 其中(a) Br 0.16 mmol; (b) Br 0.24 mmol; (c) Br 0.32 mmol; (d) Br 0.4 mmol; (e)为图(c)中选择的任意样品区域的HRTEM图(黄色线圈为出现小黑点区域), (f)为小黑点晶粒的尺寸分布图

    Figure 2.  TEM images and the corresponding histograms of cesium lead bromide nanocrystals synthesized at different dosages of TOABr: (a) Br 0.16 mmol, (b) Br 0.24 mmol, (c) Br 0.32 mmol, and (d) Br 0.4 mmol. (e) HRTEM image of sample in panel (c) (the yellow circles represent the small black dots); (f) size distribution of the small black dots from panel (e).

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    图 3  不同TOABr用量下所得铯铅溴钙钛矿纳米晶的XRD图谱

    Figure 3.  X-ray diffraction patterns of cesium lead bromide nanocrystals synthesized at different dosages of TOABr.

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    图 4  不同浓度的TOABr前驱体与Pb-OA前驱体混合所得溶液的UV-vis图

    Figure 4.  UV-vis absorption spectra of the solution obtained by mixing Pb-OA precursor and different concentration of TOABr precursor.

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    图 5  不同Cs/Pb摩尔比下所得铯铅溴纳米晶溶液的(a) PL光谱和(b) UV-vis吸收光谱

    Figure 5.  (a) PL spectra and (b) UV-vis absorption spectra of cesium lead bromide nanocrystal suspension at different molar ratio of Cs/Pb.

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    图 6  不同Cs/Pb摩尔比下所得铯铅溴纳米晶的XRD图

    Figure 6.  X-ray diffraction patterns of cesium lead bromide nanocrystals synthesized at different molar ratio of Cs/Pb.

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    图 7  不同Cs/Pb摩尔比下所得铯铅溴纳米晶的TEM表征结果和尺寸分布图　(a) 2∶1; (b) 2∶2; (c) 2∶3

    Figure 7.  TEM images and the corresponding histograms of cesium lead bromide nanocrystals synthesized at different molar ratio of Cs/Pb: (a) 2∶1; (b) 2∶2; (c) 2∶3.

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    图 8  不同溴用量下所得铯铅溴纳米晶在80 s内的原位PL光谱图, 插图为纳米晶在80 s后的离线PL光谱图

    Figure 8.  In-situ PL spectra of cesium lead bromide nanocrystals synthesized at different dosages of bromide ions within 80 s. The inset shows the ex-situ PL spectra of nanocrystals at reaction time after 80 s.

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    图 9  不同溴用量下所得铯铅溴纳米晶的PL峰峰位(a)、半峰宽(b)及峰强(c)随反应时间的变化规律图

    Figure 9.  Changes in PL peak position (a), FWHM (b), peak intensity (c) of cesium lead bromide nanocrystals synthesized at different dosages of Br– as a function of reaction time.

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    图 10  不同Cs/Pb摩尔比下所得铯铅溴纳米晶的PL峰峰位(a)、半峰宽(b)及峰强(c)随反应时间的变化规律图

    Figure 10.  Changes in PL peak position (a), FWHM (b), peak intensity (c) of cesium lead bromide nanocrystals synthesized at different molar ratio of Cs/Pb as a function of reaction time.

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    图 11  CsPbBr3纳米晶和CsPbBr3-Cs4PbBr6复合纳米晶的生长机理图

    Figure 11.  Schematic presentation of growth mechanisms of CsPbBr3 NCs and CsPbBr3-Cs4PbBr6 composite NCs.

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    表 1  不同TOABr用量下所得纳米晶中单斜相CsPbBr3和六方相Cs4PbBr6的相占比

    Table 1.  Proportion of CsPbBr3 and Cs4PbBr6 in nanocrystals synthesized at different dosages of TOABr.

    溴用量/mmol
    0.160.240.320.4
    CsPbBr3相占比/%96895817
    Cs4PbBr6相占比/%4114283
    DownLoad: CSV

    表 2  不同Cs/Pb摩尔比下所得纳米晶中CsPbBr3相和Cs4PbBr6相的占比情况

    Table 2.  Proportion of CsPbBr3 and Cs4PbBr6 in nanocrystals synthesized at different molar ratio of Cs/Pb.

    Cs/Pb摩尔比
    2∶12∶22∶3
    CsPbBr3相占比/%155828
    Cs4PbBr6相占比/%854272
    DownLoad: CSV
  • [1]

    Peng C, Zhang R, Chen H, Liu Y, Zhang S L, Fang T, Guo R, Zhang J, Shan Q, Jin Y, Wang L, Hou L, Zeng H B 2023 Adv. Mater. 35 2206969Google Scholar

    [2]

    Kim Y H, Kim S, Kakekhani A, et al. 2021 Nat. Photonics 15 148Google Scholar

    [3]

    Liu X K, Xu W, Bai S, Jin Y, Wang J, Friend R H, Gao F 2021 Nat. Mater. 20 10Google Scholar

    [4]

    Protesescu L, Yakunin S, Bodnarchuk M I, Krieg F, Caputo R, Hendon C H, Yang R X, Walsh A, Kovalenko M V 2015 Nano Lett. 15 3692Google Scholar

    [5]

    Li X M, Wu Y, Zhang S L, Cai B, Gu Y, Song J Z, Zeng H B 2016 Adv. Funct. Mater. 26 2435Google Scholar

    [6]

    Ng C K, Wang C, Jasieniak J J 2019 Langmuir 35 11609Google Scholar

    [7]

    Ng C K, Yin W, Li H, Jasieniak J J 2020 Nanoscale 12 4859Google Scholar

    [8]

    Chen M, Zou Y T, Wu L Z, Pan Q, Yang D, Hu H C, Tan Y S, Zhong Q X, Xu Y, Liu H Y, Sun B Q, Zhang Q 2017 Adv. Funct. Mater. 27 1701121Google Scholar

    [9]

    Long Z, Ren H, Sun J H, Ouyang J, Na N 2017 Chem. Commun. 53 9914Google Scholar

    [10]

    Liu W, Zheng J, Cao S, Wang L, Gao F, Chou K C, Hou X, Yang W 2018 Inorg. Chem. 57 1598Google Scholar

    [11]

    Tong Y, Bladt E, Aygüler M F, Manzi A, Milowska K Z, Hintermayr V A, Docampo P, Bals S, Urban A S, Polavarapu L, Feldmann J 2016 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 13887Google Scholar

    [12]

    Tong Y, Yao E P, Manzi A, Bladt E, Wang K, Döblinger M, Bals S, Müller-Buschbaum P, Urban A S, Polavarapu L, Feldmann J 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1801117Google Scholar

    [13]

    De Roo J, Ibáñez M, Geiregat P, Nedelcu G, Walravens W, Maes J, Martins J C, Van Driessche I, Kovalenko M V, Hens Z 2016 ACS Nano 10 2071Google Scholar

    [14]

    Wang Y, Yuan J Y, Zhang X L, Ling X F, Larson B W, Zhao Q, Yang Y G, Shi Y, Luther J M, Ma W L 2020 Adv. Mater. 32 2000449Google Scholar

    [15]

    Shankar H, Ghosh S, Kar P 2022 J. Mater. Chem. C 10 11532Google Scholar

    [16]

    陈雪莲, 焦琥珀, 申岩冰, 潘喜强 2023 物理学报 72 097801Google Scholar

    Chen X L, Jiao H P, Shen Y B, Pan X Q 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 097801Google Scholar

    [17]

    Scharf E, Krieg F, Elimelech O, Oded M, Levi A, Dirin D N, Kovalenko M V, Banin U 2022 Nano Lett. 22 4340Google Scholar

    [18]

    Zhang C, Lian L Y, Zhang J B, Su X M, Liu S S, Gao Y L, Lian Z Y, Sun D Z, Luo W, Zheng H M, Zhang D L 2022 J. Phys. Chem. C 126 4172Google Scholar

    [19]

    Grisorio R, Fasulo F, Muñoz-García A B, Pavone M, Conelli D, Fanizza E, Striccoli M, Allegretta I, Terzano R, Margiotta N, Vivo P, Suranna G P 2022 Nano Lett. 22 4437Google Scholar

    [20]

    Song S, Lv Y C, Cao B Q, Wang W Z 2023 Adv. Funct. Mater. 33 2300493Google Scholar

    [21]

    陈雪莲, 焦琥珀, 申岩冰, 潘喜强 2022 物理学报 71 096802Google Scholar

    Chen X L, Jiao H P, Shen Y B, Pan X Q 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 096802Google Scholar

    [22]

    Su Y C, Jing Q, Xu Y, Xing X, Lu Z D 2019 ACS Omega 4 22209Google Scholar

    [23]

    Li X W, Cai W S, Guan H L, Zhao S Y, Cao S L, Chen C, Liu M, Zang Z G 2021 Chem. Eng. J. 419 129551Google Scholar

    [24]

    Zhang J B, Jiang P F, Wang Y, Liu X F, Ma J M, Tu G L 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 3080Google Scholar

    [25]

    Cho H B, Min J W, Kim H J, Viswanath N S M, Samanta T, Han J H, Park Y M, Jang S W, Im W B 2023 ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 5 66Google Scholar

    [26]

    Kim H, Park J H, Kim K, Lee D, Song M H, Park J 2022 Adv. Sci. 9 2104660Google Scholar

    [27]

    Bao Z, Chiu H D, Wang W G, Su Q, Yamada T, Chang Y C, Chen S M, Kanemitsu Y, Chung R J, Liu R S 2020 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11 10196Google Scholar

    [28]

    Xu L M, Li J H, Fang T, Zhao Y L, Yuan S C, Dong Y H, Song J Z 2019 Nanoscale Adv. 1 980Google Scholar

    [29]

    Zhao X, Shen S L, Gan L, Zhang J L, Zhou W L, Yu L P, Lian S X 2023 J. Lumin. 261 119909Google Scholar

    [30]

    Wang C F, Zhang C Y, Wang F C, Chen J, Ren E L, Kong J F, Li L, Xu J Y, Zhang Y 2022 Opt. Mater. 128 112444Google Scholar

    [31]

    Wang X J, Liu Y Q, Liu N Q, Sun R J, Zheng W, Liu H, Zhang Y H 2021 J. Mater. Chem. A 9 4658Google Scholar

    [32]

    Balakrishnan S K, Kamat P V 2018 Chem. Mater. 30 74Google Scholar

    [33]

    Qiao Z, Wang X, Zhai Y F, Yu R Z, Fang Z, Chen G 2023 Nano Lett. 23 10788Google Scholar

    [34]

    Yoon S J, Stamplecoskie K G, Kamat P V 2016 J. Phys. Chem. C 7 1368Google Scholar

    [35]

    Hui J, Jiang Y N, Gökçinar Ö Ö, Tang J B, Yu Q Y, Zhang M, Yu K 2020 Chem. Mater. 32 4574Google Scholar

    [36]

    Montanarella F, Akkerman Q A, Bonatz D, van der Sluijs M M, van der Bok J C, Prins P T, Aebli M, Mews A, Vanmaekelbergh D, Kovalenko M V 2023 Nano Lett. 23 667Google Scholar

    [37]

    Xu Z S, Yang Y J, Wang P, Liu X F, Qiu J R 2024 Ceram. Int. 50 8952Google Scholar

    [38]

    Kovalenko M V, Protesescu L, Bodnarchuk M I 2017 Science 358 745Google Scholar

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  • supplement 2024年第73卷096801补充材料.pdf supplement
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  • Received Date:  04 February 2024
  • Accepted Date:  05 March 2024
  • Available Online:  08 March 2024
  • Published Online:  05 May 2024

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