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Breathing pulses, as a unique nonlinear pulse phenomenon, play a key role in optimizing laser performance, nonlinear optical processes, and complex signal transmission. Unlike stable solitons, the breathing pulses fluctuates in energy periodically with time, and both pulse frequency and amplitude exhibit periodic changes. Through appropriate nonlinear effects, lasers can generate stable breathing pulses, achieving a mode-locked state that exhibits a periodic “breathing” pattern. Based on this, a fiber laser combining a saturable absorber as the mode-locking element is designed and built, and stable breathing states are successfully observed at lower pump power levels. High-speed detection techniques and time-stretched dispersive Fourier transform (TS-DFT) technology are used to time-amplify and spectrally analyze the rapid pulses, while monitoring the evolution of the breathing pulse in both time domain and frequency domain. Experimental results indicate that the change in pump power significantly affects the periodic modulation induced by additional oscillations, thereby controlling the breathing ratio and ultimately resulting in the formation of a stable soliton. When the pump power is between 470 and 480 mW, the formation of the breathing pulse is first observed, with a breathing ratio of up to 4.5. As the pump power increases, the breathing effect gradually diminishes, and at 510 mW, it completely disappears, with the breathing ratio dropping to 1. These results confirm the critical role of pump power in controlling the breathing pulse state and its transition, demonstrating the potential of controlling pump power in ultrafast laser technology and nonlinear optics. The breathing pulse phenomenon, as a periodic pulse behavior, reflects the complex dynamical characteristics between nonlinear optical effects and cavity parameters. Combined with the natural synchronization system formed between the breathing frequency and the cavity frequency (determined by the cavity length), the periodic change of the breathing pulse becomes a crucial factor for controlling laser output. By adjusting parameters such as the laser’s nonlinearity and dissipation, the characteristics of the breathing pulse and breathing ratio can be precisely controlled, thus achieving precise control of the laser output. The periodic oscillatory characteristics of the breathing pulse inside the laser cavity lead to the non-uniform distribution of pulses, a feature that demonstrates enormous potential in pulse shaping, ultrashort pulse generation, and precise frequency comb control. Additionally, the presence of the breathing pulse may affect the stability and energy conversion efficiency of the laser, providing new perspectives for designing and optimizing lasers. -
Keywords:
- laser /
- breather /
- nonlinear fiber dynamics
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图 1 实验装置示意图
Figure 1. Schematic of the experimental setup.
图 2 (a) 每个单次激发光谱的傅里叶变换; (b) 时间平均自相关宽度的测量结果; (c) 一个振荡周期内最大往返次数与最小往返次数单激发光谱; (d) 频谱特征; (e) 示波器记录的实验测量脉冲序列
Figure 2. (a) Fourier transform of each single excitation spectrum; (b) measurement of time-averaged autocorrelation width; (c) the maximum and minimum round-trip numbers within one oscillation period of a single-excitation spectrum; (d) spectral characteristics; (e) experimental measurement pulse sequences recorded by an oscilloscope.
图 3 呼吸子在泵浦功率从470—510 mW范围内的高速动力学演化过程及其相对于1600次连续往返的时域演化 (a) Pp＝470 mW; (b) Pp = 480 mW; (c) Pp = 490 mW; (d) Pp = 500 mW; (e) Pp = 506 mW; (d) Pp = 510 mW
Figure 3. The high-speed dynamical evolution of the breath pulse in the pump power range from 470 to 510 mW, and its temporal evolution relative to 1600 continuous round trips: (a) Pp = 470 mW; (b) Pp = 480 mW; (c) Pp = 490 mW; (d) Pp = 500 mW; (e) Pp = 506 mW ; (f) Pp = 510 mW.
图 4 (a), (d) Pp = 480 mW未形成呼吸子状态下的脉冲强度和相位变化; (b), (e) Pp = 506 mW呼吸子稳定状态的脉冲强度和相位变化; (c), (f) Pp = 510 mW孤子状态下的脉冲强度和相位变化
Figure 4. (a), (d) The pulse intensity and phase variations at Pp = 480 mW in the non-breather state; (b), (e) the pulse intensity and phase variations at Pp = 506 mW in the stable breather state; (c), (f) the pulse intensity and phase variations at Pp = 510 mW in the soliton state.
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