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Photo-oriented liquid crystal technology utilizes polarized light illumination to achieve the directional alignment of liquid crystal molecules. This technology can be developed into polarization volume gratings (PVGs), which possess polarization and volume holographic selectivity characteristics, and also have a broad application prospect as an optical coupling element in optical waveguides and for pupil expansion output. This paper reports on the fabrication of a liquid crystal polarization volume holographic cylindrical lens (PVLS) with a beam diameter of 2 cm by using photo-oriented technology combined with a polarization off-axis holographic optical path. During the experiment, the exposure angle can be controlled to achieve the desired grating period variation range, enabling the diffraction angles of red, green, and blue light incident on different grating periods to be the same. The experimental results show that within the grating period variation range from 1721.2 to 5346.5 nm, when the red, the green, and the blue light are incident on grating with periods of 3147 nm, 2649.1 nm, and 2275.6 nm respectively, the measured diffraction angles are all 11.59°, with an error between the actual and theoretical diffraction angles within ±0.5°; under 532-nm right-handed circularly polarized light, the diffraction efficiency for 18 normal incidence reaches 90.6%, and the diffraction efficiency for oblique incidence satisfying the Bragg condition is 84.4%; simultaneously, beam expansion in one-dimensional direction is achieved, preliminarily verifying the feasibility of PVLS application in the field of color waveguides.
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Keywords:
- photocontrolled orientation /
- liquid crystal /
- variable spacing polarization grating /
- optical waveguide
[1] Kvasnikov E D, Kozenkov V M, Barachevskii V A 1979 Zh. Nauchn. Prikl. Fotogr. Kinematogr. 24 222
[2] Ichimura K, Suzuki Y, Seki T, Kawanishi Y, Tamaki T, Aoki K 1989 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Suppl. 28 289
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[3] Gibbons W M, Shannon P J, Sun S T, Swetlin B J 1991 Nature 351 49
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[4] 张梦若, 陈开鑫 2015 物理学报 64 144205
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Zhang M R, Chen K X 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 144205
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[5] 裴丽, 赵瑞峰 2013 物理学报 62 184213
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Pei L, Zhao R F 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 184213
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Zhang X F, Xiao J B, Zhu J B, Cai C, Ding D, Zhang M D, Sun X H 2003 J. Southeast Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed. ) 33 22
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Chen Y 2021 M. S. Thesis (Nanjing: Southeast University
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图 1 (a)两束正交偏振平面波的干涉示意图; (b)正交偏振柱面波与平面波干涉的示意图; (c) PVG中偏振态的周期性分布; (d) PVLS光栅中偏振态的周期性分布
Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the interference between two orthogonally circularly polarized plane waves; (b) schematic diagram of the interference between an orthogonally circularly polarized cylindrical wave and a plane wave; (c) periodic distribution of polarization states in LCPG; (d) periodic distribution of polarization states in PVLS.
图 2 正交圆偏振全息示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagrams of orthogonal circularly polarization holography.
图 3 反射型PVLS光栅的偏振敏感及衍射特性(手性剂为右旋) ①右旋圆偏振光入射样品表面1; ②左旋圆偏振光入射; ③右旋圆偏振光入射样品表面2
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the polarization sensitivity and diffraction characteristics of the reflective PVLS grating (with a right-handed chiral agent): ① Right-handed circularly polarized light incident on sample surface 1; ② Left-handed circularly polarized light incident; ③ Right-handed circularly polarized light incident on sample surface 2.
图 4 (a)入耦合光栅衍射; (b)出耦合光栅衍射
Figure 4. (a) In-coupling grating diffraction; (b) out-coupling grating diffraction.
图 5 CLC的内部结构示意图
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of the internal structure of CLC.
图 6 液晶盒示意图
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of the liquid crystal cell.
图 7 PVLS光栅制造实验装置示意图
Figure 7. Schematic illustration of the experimental setup for fabricating PVLS grating.
图 8 (a)制备的反射式PVLS (反射绿光); (b)反射式 PVLS 光栅的衍射示意图; (c)入射光与衍射光的示意图; (d)一维方向照射位置x与光栅周期$\varLambda $关系图
Figure 8. (a) Fabricated reflective PVLS (anti-green light); (b) schematic diagram of diffraction for the reflective PVLS grating; (c) schematic diagram of incident and diffracted light; (d) graph of the relationship between the one-dimensional direction x and grating period $\varLambda $.
图 9 532 nm右旋圆偏光斜入射PVLS光栅示意图
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of right-handed circularly polarized 532 nm light obliquely incident on a PVLS grating.
图 10 (a), (b)制备的反射红光和反射蓝光PVLS光栅; (c)一维方向x与RGB衍射角θ关系图; (d) RGB衍射角θ与光栅周期$\varLambda $关系图
Figure 10. (a), (b) Fabricated PVLS gratings for anti-red and anti-blue light; (c) graph of the relationship between the one-dimensional direction x and RGB diffraction angle θ as a function; (d) graph of the relationship between RGB diffraction angle θ and grating period $\varLambda $ as a function.
图 11 单层彩色波导理论图
Figure 11. Theoretical diagram of a single-layer color waveguide.
图 12 (a)光路示意图; (b), (c) 532 nm激光和直径0.7 cm的532 nm右旋圆偏光照射至PVLS的传播示意图
Figure 12. (a) Schematic diagram of the optical path; (b), (c) schematic diagram of the propagation of 532 nm laser and 532 nm right-handed circularly polarized light with a diameter of 0.7 cm incident on PVLS.
表 1 PVLS液晶层主要材料及配比
Table 1. Main materials and ratios of the PVLS liquid crystal layer.
5CB R5011 反射红色 97.79% 2.21% 反射绿色 97.37% 2.63% 反射蓝色 96.94% 3.06% 
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表 2 反射红光(632 nm) PVLS测量结果
Table 2. Measurement results of PVLS for anti-red light (632 nm) reflectance.
x/cm 光栅周期/nm 衍射角/(°) 0.9 1739.4 21.31 0.5 2044.7 18 0 2655.9 13.77 –0.5 3567.5 10.2 –0.9 5304.5 6.84
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表 3 反射蓝光(457 nm) PVLS测量结果
Table 3. Measurement results of PVLS for blue light (457 nm) reflectance.
x/cm 光栅周期/nm 衍射角/(°) 0.9 1723.5 15.38 0.5 2081.9 12.68 0 2651.1 9.93 –0.5 3684.5 7.13 –0.9 5395.9 4.86
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[1] Kvasnikov E D, Kozenkov V M, Barachevskii V A 1979 Zh. Nauchn. Prikl. Fotogr. Kinematogr. 24 222
[2] Ichimura K, Suzuki Y, Seki T, Kawanishi Y, Tamaki T, Aoki K 1989 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Suppl. 28 289
Google Scholar
[3] Gibbons W M, Shannon P J, Sun S T, Swetlin B J 1991 Nature 351 49
Google Scholar
[4] 张梦若, 陈开鑫 2015 物理学报 64 144205
Google Scholar
Zhang M R, Chen K X 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 144205
Google Scholar
[5] 裴丽, 赵瑞峰 2013 物理学报 62 184213
Google Scholar
Pei L, Zhao R F 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 184213
Google Scholar
[6] 段磊, 徐润亲, 宋云波, 谭姝丹, 梁成斌, 徐帆江, 刘朝晖 2023 物理学报 72 104203
Google Scholar
Duan L, Xu R Q, Song Y B, Tan S D, Liang C B, Xu F J, Liu Z H 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 104203
Google Scholar
[7] 曾莹, 佘彦超, 张蔚曦, 杨红 2024 物理学报 73 164202
Google Scholar
Zeng Y, She Y C, Zhang W X, Yang H 2024 Acta Phys. Sin. 73 164202
Google Scholar
[8] 杨雨桦, 何龙, 邓林宵, 朱立全, 顾春, 许立新 2023 物理学报 72 114201
Google Scholar
Yang Y H, He L, Deng L X, Zhu L Q, Gu C, Xu L X 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 114201
Google Scholar
[9] 张夕飞, 肖金标, 朱建彬, 蔡纯, 丁东, 张明德, 孙小菡 2003 东南大学学报 (自然科学版) 33 22
Zhang X F, Xiao J B, Zhu J B, Cai C, Ding D, Zhang M D, Sun X H 2003 J. Southeast Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed. ) 33 22
[10] 马宏, 易新建, 陈四海 2004 光学学报 24 756
Google Scholar
Ma H, Yi X J, Chen S H 2004 Acta Opt. Sin. 24 756
Google Scholar
[11] Zengerle R, Bruckner H, Olzhausen H, Kohl A 1992 Electron. Lett. 28 631
Google Scholar
[12] 周进朝, 黄佐华, 曾宪佑, 张勇 2012 光学学报 32 1212001
Google Scholar
Zhou J Z, Huang Z H, Zeng X Y, Zhang Y 2012 Acta Opt. Sin. 32 1212001
Google Scholar
[13] 崔乃迪, 梁静秋, 梁中翥, 王维彪 2012 光学学报 32 239
Google Scholar
Cui N D, Liang J Q, Liang Z Z, Wang W B 2012 Acta Opt. Sin. 32 239
Google Scholar
[14] Lu Z L, Prather D W 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 1748
Google Scholar
[15] Cameron A 2012 Conference on Head- and Helmet-Mounted Displays XVII/Conference on Display Technologies and Applications for Defense, Security, and Avionics VI Baltimore, Maryland, United States, April 25–26, 2012 p83830E
[16] 罗豪, 翁嘉承, 李海峰 2022 光学学报 42 1005002
Google Scholar
Luo H, Weng J C, Li H F 2022 Acta Opt. Sin. 42 1005002
Google Scholar
[17] 陈艳 2021 硕士学位论文(南京: 东南大学)
Chen Y 2021 M. S. Thesis (Nanjing: Southeast University
[18] Weng Y S, Xu D M, Zhang Y N, Li X H, Wu S T 2016 Opt. Express 24 17746
Google Scholar
[19] Kobashi J, Yoshida H, Ozaki M 2016 Nat. Photonics 10 389
Google Scholar
[20] Lee Y H, Yin K, Wu S T 2017 Opt. Express 25 27008
Google Scholar
[21] Weng Y S, Zhang Y N, Cui J Y, Liu A W, Shen Z W, Li X H, Wang B P 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 5773
Google Scholar
[22] Yin K, Lee Y H, He Z Q, Wu S T 2019 J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 27 232
Google Scholar
[23] Kun Y, Hung-Yuan L, Shin-Tson W 2020 SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Pap. 51 371
Google Scholar
[24] Wang K N, Zheng J H, Lu F Y, Gao H, Palanisamy A, Zhuang S L 2016 Appl. Opt. 55 4952
Google Scholar
[25] Chen J W, Fu S F, Zhang D, Qi Z F, Yang S, Wang Z J 1986 Chin. J. Lasers 13 291
[26] Chen F F, Shen T, Ma C W, Sang J X, Xing C C, Zheng J H, Zhuang S L 2024 Opt. Lett. 49 3528
Google Scholar
[27] Wang C T, Tam A, Meng C L, Tseng M C, Li G J, Kwok H S 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 5323
Google Scholar
[28] Chen C W, Feng T M, Wu C W, Lin T H, Khoo I C 2023 Appl. Phys. Rev. 10 011413
Google Scholar
[29] 毕亚军, 杨国琛, 关荣华 2004 物理学报 53 4287
Google Scholar
Bi Y J, Yang G C, Guan R H 2004 Acta Phys. Sin. 53 4287
Google Scholar
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