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The packing behavior and mechanical properties of granular materials play a critical role in various engineering applications, including materials handling, construction, and energy storage. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the packing of monodisperse spheres, real-world granular systems often exhibit polydispersity, where particles of different sizes coexist. Binary systems, where the particle size ratio is adjustable, serve as a simplified model to study the structural and dynamical properties of granular materials. However, most theoretical studies on binary systems have focused on idealized frictionless models, neglecting the coupled effects of friction and preparation history, and experimental data for three-dimensional systems remain limited. This study seeks to address these gaps by investigating the packing behavior of binary hard spheres under tapping, using advanced experimental techniques such as X-ray computed tomography (CT) and tap-driven compaction. We systematically explore the effects of particle size ratio and tap intensity on the packing fraction and local structure of binary granular systems. The experimental results show that the steady-state packing fraction decreases as tap intensity increases, exhibiting similar behavior across different composition ratios. Additionally, the compaction dynamics are quantified using the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) relaxation function, revealing that the relaxation time decays exponentially with tap intensity, independent of the composition ratios. Voronoi cell analysis demonstrates that the local volume distribution of both big and small particles in binary systems follows statistical patterns similar to monodisperse systems. Notably, as tap intensity decreases, the system density increases, and volume fluctuations decrease, mirroring trends observed in monodisperse packings. Furthermore, the study highlights the influence of friction on the packing structure. For binary systems, big particles, with rougher surfaces, pack more loosely than smaller particles, and the coordination number increases with the proportion of smaller particles. This suggests that frictional interactions between particles play a significant role in determining the packing density and structural stability of granular materials. The average coordination number and the steady-state packing fraction are found to be weakly dependent on each other, with friction and tap intensity (or effective temperature) being the primary factors affecting the system's structural characteristics. These findings provide a comprehensive experimental framework for understanding the packing behavior of binary granular systems, with important implications for material design in industrial applications. The study contributes to the development of a more complete statistical mechanical theory for granular materials, incorporating both frictional effects and the influence of preparation history. Future research may extend these findings to more complex particle size distributions and explore the relationship between structural and mechanical properties.
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Keywords:
- Granular packing /
- Binary systems /
- X-ray computed tomography
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