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The spinor Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) provides an ideal platform to observe and manipulate topological structures, which arise from the spin degrees of freedom and the superfluid nature of the gas. Artificial helicoidal spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in the spinor BEC, owing to the spatially varying gauge potential and the more flexible adjustability, provides possibly an unprecedented opportunity to search for novel quantum states. The previous studies of the BEC with helicoidal SOC are mainly focused on the two-component case. However, there are few reports on the studies of helicoidal SOC in three-component BEC. Especially considering one-dimensional three-component BEC, it remains an open question whether the helicoidal SOC can produce previously unknown types of topological excitations and phase diagrams. In this work, by solving quasi one-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equations, we study the ground state structure of one-dimensional helicoidal spin-orbit coupled three-component BEC. The numerical results show that, the helicoidal SOC can induce a phase separation among the components in ferromagnetic BEC. The phase diagram as a function of the helicoidal SOC strength and the gauge potential is obtained through systematic numerical calculations, which shows critical condition for occurring phase separation and for occurring phase miscibility in ferromagnetic BEC. Meanwhile, we also study the influences of the helicoidal SOC and the gauge potential on the antiferromagnetic BEC ground state. The numerical results show that the helicoidal SOC favors miscibility in antiferromagnetic BEC. When the helicoidal SOC strength or gauge potential increases, the ground state of antiferromagnetic BEC exhibits a stripe soliton structure. Adjusting the strength of helicoidal SOC or gauge potential can control the transitions between a plane-wave soliton and a stripe soliton. In addition, we show the changes of the particle number density maximum and the number of peaks of stripe solitons for tuning the helicoidal SOC strength or gauge potential. Our results show that helicoidal spin-orbit coupled BEC not only provide a controlled platform to investigate the exotic topological structures, but also are crucial for the transitions among different ground states. This work paves the way for future explorations of topological defect and the corresponding dynamical stability in quantum systems subjected to the helicoidal SOC.
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Keywords:
- three-component Bose-Einstein condensate /
- helicoidal spin-orbit coupling /
- phase separation /
- phase miscibility
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