量子气体中的输运行为

张世忠

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20181966

摘要

输运测量是了解物质性质的一个重要手段. 本文简单介绍最近在量子气体中实现的输运实验及其主要结论, 包括在类似于介观物理器件中的Landauer输运和强相互作用费米气体中的自旋输运行为. 我们着重讨论自旋动力学的特殊性以及其由于全同粒子相互作用所导致的特殊自旋扩散流的形式.

关键词:

Transport measurement is one of the most important ways to study the properties of matter. In this article, we discuss recent experiments in ultracold atomic gases where the analog of Landauer transport in mesoscopic devices is realized and spin dynamics in a strongly interacting Fermi gas is probed. In the latter case, we pay special attention to the peculiarity of spin dynamics due to identical spin rotation effect which leads to a novel form of spin diffusion current. This modifies the usual diffusion equation into a more complicated form and leads to important consequence for, in particular, transverse spin diffusion in ultracold Fermi gases.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

张世忠

香港大学物理系, 理论和计算物理中心, 香港

通信作者: 张世忠, shizhong@hku.hk

基金项目: 香港研究资助局优配研究金(批准号: 17303215)和香港裘槎基金会资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

Zhang Shi-Zhong

Department of Physics and Centre for Theoretical and Computational Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China

Corresponding author: Zhang Shi-Zhong, shizhong@hku.hk

Funds: Hong Kong Research Grant Council, General research fund (Grant No. 17303215), and Croucher Foundation.

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

[1]	Elliott E, Joseph J A, Thomas J E 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 040405 Google Scholar
[2]	Krinner S, Esslinger T, Brantut J 2017 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 29 343003 Google Scholar
[3]	Anderson R, Wang F D, Xu P H, Venu V, Trotzky S, Chevy F, Thywissen J H 2017 arXiv: 1712.09965
[4]	Brown P T, Mitra D, Guardado-Sanchez E, Nourafkan R, Reymbaut A, Bergeron S, Tremblay A M S, Kokalj J, Huse D, Schauss P, Bakr W S 2018, arXiv: 1802.09456
[5]	Nichols M A, Cheuk L W, Okan M, Hartke T R, Mendez E, Senthil T, Khatami E, Zhang H, Zwierlein M W 2018 arXiv: 1802.10018
[6]	Sommer A, Ku M, Roati G, Zwierlein M W 2011 Nature 472 201 Google Scholar
[7]	Bardon A B, Beattie S, Luciuk C, Cairncross W, Fine D, Cheng N S, Edge G J A, Taylor E, Zhang S Z, Trotzky S, Thywissen J H 2014 Science 344 722 Google Scholar
[8]	Koschorreck M, Pertot D, Vogt E, Köhl M 2013 Nature Physics 9 1
[9]	Luciuk C, Smale S, Böttcher F, Sharum H, Olsen B A, Trotzky S, Enss T, and Thywissen J H 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 130405 Google Scholar
[10]	Leggett A 2001 Rev. Mod. Phys. 73 307 Google Scholar
[11]	Pethick C J, Smith H 2011, Bose–Einstein Condensation in Dilute Gases (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) p109
[12]	Pitaevskii L P and Stringari S 2003 Bose-Einstein Condensation (Oxford: Clarendon Press) p129
[13]	Braaten E, Hagen P, Hammer H W, and Platter L 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 012711 Google Scholar
[14]	Bertulani C A, Hammer H W and van Kolck U 2002 Nuclear Physics A 712 37 Google Scholar
[15]	Yu Z H, Thywissen J H, and Zhang S Z 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 135304 Google Scholar
[16]	Bloch I, Dalibard J and Zwerger W 2008 Rev. Mod. Phys. 80 885 Google Scholar
[17]	Leggett A 2006 Quantum Liquids (Oxford: Oxford University Press) p120
[18]	Uchino S and Ueda M 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 105303 Google Scholar
[19]	Liu B, Zhai H and Zhang S Z 2017 Phys. Rev. A 95 013623 Google Scholar
[20]	Kanász-Nagy M, Glazman L, Esslinger T and Demler E 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 255302 Google Scholar
[21]	Thomas S 2014 Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 64 125 Google Scholar
[22]	Joseph J A, Elliott E, and Thomas J E 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 020401 Google Scholar
[23]	Leggett A 1969 J. Phys. C, Solid St. Physics 3 448
[24]	Lhuillier C, Laloë F 1982 J. Physique 43 197 Google Scholar
[25]	Cohen-Tannoudji C and Guéry-Odelin D 2011 Advances In Atomic Physics: An Overview (Singapore: World Scientific) p497
[26]	Bruun G M 2011 New J. Phys. 13 035005 Google Scholar
[27]	Enss T 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 033630 Google Scholar
[28]	Trotzky S, Beattie S, Luciuk C, Smale S, Bardon A B, Enss T, Taylor E, Zhang S Z, and Thywissen J H 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 015301 Google Scholar
[29]	Hartnoll S, Lucas A, Sachdev S 2018 Holographic Quantum Matter (Cambridge: MIT Press) p334

施引文献

图 1 原子之间的范德瓦耳斯吸引势和短程排斥势

Fig. 1. van der Waals attractive potential and short-range repulsive potential between atoms.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 全同自旋旋转效应

Fig. 2. Identical spin rotation effect.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 冷原子物理研究中的三个不同区域

Table 1. Three different regimes in the study of cold atom physics.

	长度尺度	备注
经典气体	${\lambda _T} < {r_0} < d$	经典散射; 麦克斯韦-玻尔兹曼经典分布
量子气体	${r_0} < {\lambda _T} < d$	量子散射; 麦克斯韦-玻尔兹曼经典分布
量子简并气体	${r_0} < d < {\lambda _T}$	量子散射; 玻色-爱因斯坦或者费米- 狄拉克分布

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 强相互作用费米系统的自旋扩散系数

Table 2. Spin diffusion constants for strongly interacting Fermi gases.

	实验测量值 (单位$\frac{\hbar }{m}$)	实验组
二维费米系统横向自旋扩散	0.0067	剑桥^[8]
二维费米系统横向自旋扩散	1.7	多伦多^[9]
三维费米系统纵向自旋扩散	1.34	MIT^[6]
三维费米系统横向自旋扩散	1.08	多伦多^[7]

下载: 导出CSV

[1]	Elliott E, Joseph J A, Thomas J E 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 040405 Google Scholar
[2]	Krinner S, Esslinger T, Brantut J 2017 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 29 343003 Google Scholar
[3]	Anderson R, Wang F D, Xu P H, Venu V, Trotzky S, Chevy F, Thywissen J H 2017 arXiv: 1712.09965
[4]	Brown P T, Mitra D, Guardado-Sanchez E, Nourafkan R, Reymbaut A, Bergeron S, Tremblay A M S, Kokalj J, Huse D, Schauss P, Bakr W S 2018, arXiv: 1802.09456
[5]	Nichols M A, Cheuk L W, Okan M, Hartke T R, Mendez E, Senthil T, Khatami E, Zhang H, Zwierlein M W 2018 arXiv: 1802.10018
[6]	Sommer A, Ku M, Roati G, Zwierlein M W 2011 Nature 472 201 Google Scholar
[7]	Bardon A B, Beattie S, Luciuk C, Cairncross W, Fine D, Cheng N S, Edge G J A, Taylor E, Zhang S Z, Trotzky S, Thywissen J H 2014 Science 344 722 Google Scholar
[8]	Koschorreck M, Pertot D, Vogt E, Köhl M 2013 Nature Physics 9 1
[9]	Luciuk C, Smale S, Böttcher F, Sharum H, Olsen B A, Trotzky S, Enss T, and Thywissen J H 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 130405 Google Scholar
[10]	Leggett A 2001 Rev. Mod. Phys. 73 307 Google Scholar
[11]	Pethick C J, Smith H 2011, Bose–Einstein Condensation in Dilute Gases (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) p109
[12]	Pitaevskii L P and Stringari S 2003 Bose-Einstein Condensation (Oxford: Clarendon Press) p129
[13]	Braaten E, Hagen P, Hammer H W, and Platter L 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 012711 Google Scholar
[14]	Bertulani C A, Hammer H W and van Kolck U 2002 Nuclear Physics A 712 37 Google Scholar
[15]	Yu Z H, Thywissen J H, and Zhang S Z 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 135304 Google Scholar
[16]	Bloch I, Dalibard J and Zwerger W 2008 Rev. Mod. Phys. 80 885 Google Scholar
[17]	Leggett A 2006 Quantum Liquids (Oxford: Oxford University Press) p120
[18]	Uchino S and Ueda M 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 105303 Google Scholar
[19]	Liu B, Zhai H and Zhang S Z 2017 Phys. Rev. A 95 013623 Google Scholar
[20]	Kanász-Nagy M, Glazman L, Esslinger T and Demler E 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 255302 Google Scholar
[21]	Thomas S 2014 Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 64 125 Google Scholar
[22]	Joseph J A, Elliott E, and Thomas J E 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 020401 Google Scholar
[23]	Leggett A 1969 J. Phys. C, Solid St. Physics 3 448
[24]	Lhuillier C, Laloë F 1982 J. Physique 43 197 Google Scholar
[25]	Cohen-Tannoudji C and Guéry-Odelin D 2011 Advances In Atomic Physics: An Overview (Singapore: World Scientific) p497
[26]	Bruun G M 2011 New J. Phys. 13 035005 Google Scholar
[27]	Enss T 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 033630 Google Scholar
[28]	Trotzky S, Beattie S, Luciuk C, Smale S, Bardon A B, Enss T, Taylor E, Zhang S Z, and Thywissen J H 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 015301 Google Scholar
[29]	Hartnoll S, Lucas A, Sachdev S 2018 Holographic Quantum Matter (Cambridge: MIT Press) p334

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量子气体中的输运行为