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排列时间不可逆性是量化复杂系统非平衡特征的重要方法, 但排列类型无法表征序列的精确结构特征. 本文提出了一种模糊排列时间不可逆(fuzzy permutation time irreversibility, fpTIR)方法, 利用负指数函数转化向量元素差值, 计算向量幅度排列的隶属度, 进而比较正反序列模糊排列的概率分布差异. 作为对照, 通过香农熵计算模糊排列概率分布的平均信息量, 即模糊排列熵(fuzzy permutation entropy, fPEn), 用以衡量系统的复杂度. 本文首先利用logistic和Henon混沌系统以及一阶自回归模型构建测试序列, 通过代替数据理论验证fpTIR和fPEn的有效性, 然后分析PhysioNet数据库中心衰、健康老年及健康年轻心率的复杂特征. 结果表明, fpTIR可有效表征系统的非平衡性特征, 并且提高了心率信号分析的准确度. 由于fpTIR和fPEn采用不同的概率分布分析方法, 两者在混沌序列验证中存在差异, 甚至在心率信号的分析中出现相反的结果, 其中fpTIR的分析结果与心率复杂度丢失理论一致. 总之, 本文研究不仅精准表征了序列的排列空间结构, 优化了复杂系统非平衡性分析的效果, 而且为从非平衡动力学和熵值复杂度两个角度探索复杂系统特征提供了新的视角和理论依据.Permutation time irreversibility is an important method to quantify the nonequilibrium characteristics; however, ordinal pattern is a coarse-graining alternative and cannot accurately represent detailed structural information. In this paper, a fuzzy permutation time irreversibility (fpTIR) is proposed by measuring the difference between vector elements based on a negative exponential function. Amplitude permutation of vector is constructed and its membership degree is calculated, then the difference in probability distribution between the forward sequence and backward sequence is measured for fpTIR. For comparison, Shannon entropy is calculated as the average amount of information in the fuzzy permutation probability distribution, i.e. fuzzy permutation entropy (fPEn), to measure the complexity of the system. According to the surrogate theory, mode series are generated by logistic, Henon, and first-order autoregressive systems to verify the fpTIR, which is then used to analyze heart rates of congestive heart failure, healthy elderly and healthy young subjects from PhysioNet database. The results suggest that fpTIR effectively measures the nonequilibrium characteristic of system and improves the accuracy of heart rate analysis. Since fpTIR and fPEn are different in analyzing probability distributions, they have discrepancies in chaotic series and even opposite results in the heart rate signals, where the results of fpTIR are consistent with theory of complexity loss in aging and disease. In conclusion, the fpTIR not only accurately characterizes the structure of sequences and enhances the effect of the nonequilibrium analysis of complex systems, but also provides a new perspective and theoretical basis for exploring complex systems from the perspectives of nonequilibrium dynamics and entropy complexity.
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Keywords:
- fuzzy permutation /
- time irreversibility /
- permutation entropy /
- complex system /
- symbolic dynamics
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图 2 logistic, Henon和AR1模型序列及其代替数据的fpTIR和fPEn. 隶属度控制参数$ \alpha $= 1, 向量重构参数为$ m $ = 2—5, $ \tau $ = 1. 图中fpTIR-97.5, fpTIR-2.5, fPEn-97.5和fPEn-2.5分别表示代替数据fpTIR和fPEn的97.5%和2.5%分位数
Fig. 2. The fpTIR and fPEn of the logistic, Henon, and AR1 series and their surrogates. Control parameter of membership degree is $ \alpha $ = 1, dimension and delay are $ m $ = 2–5, $ \tau $ = 1. The fpTIR-97.5, fpTIR-2.5, fPEn-97.5 and fPEn-2.5 denote the 97.5 th and 2.5 th percentiles of fpTIR and fPEn of surrogate data.
图 3 心衰、健康老年和健康年轻心率的fpTIR和pTIR (均值±标准误差), 幅度排列构建维度$ m $ = 2和3、延迟$ \tau $ = 1和2, 模糊排列隶属度$ \alpha $ = 0.1—1
Fig. 3. The fpTIR and pTIR (mean ± standard error) of the CHF, healthy elderly, and healthy young heartbeats, dimension and delay of Amplitude permutations are $ m $ = 2 and 3, $ \tau $ = 1 and 2, control parameter of membership degree $ \alpha $ increases from 0.1 to 1.
图 4 心衰、健康老年和健康年轻心率的fpTIR、fPEn和排列概率分布(均值±标准误差), 模糊排列隶属度$ \alpha $ = 0.1 (a), (b) m2$ \tau $1表示幅度排列维度2、延迟1, 并以此类推; (c), (d) 幅度排列的维度和延迟为$ m $ = 2, $ \tau $ = 2和$ m $ = 3, $ \tau $ = 2
Fig. 4. The fpTIR, pTIR and probabilities of permutations (mean ± standard error) of the CHF, healthy elderly, and healthy young heartbeats, in membership degree of amplitude permutations, $ \alpha $ = 0.1: (a), (b) m2$ \tau $1 represents dimension of 2 and delay of 1, and so on; (c), (d) dimension and delay of amplitude permutations are $ m $ = 2, $ \tau $ = 2 and $ m $ = 3, $ \tau $ = 2.
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