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在囚禁离子系统中, 基于范德波尔振子机制的单离子声子激光态已在微弱电场测量和弱力检测等领域得到应用. 声子激光态作为一种与光子激光的性质类似的相干声子态, 通过激光相干边带激励和冷却技术, 可以精确地调控离子的振动状态, 并有望在连续变量量子计算、量子非线性动力学和量子精密测量等领域展现进一步的应用. 本文采用三能级模型对单离子量子区域内的声子激光态进行理论研究, 通过求解主方程, 获得了声子激光态的稳态相图, 分析了系统的Wigner准概率分布和二阶关联特性. 本文针对离子阱体系提出了实验实现方案, 即通过蓝边带激光和红边带激光构成的双色光场共同作用于囚禁的单个40Ca+离子, 从而在量子区域内产生声子激光态, 并采用特征函数测量法对振动量子态进行表征.
The quantum phonon laser state is a vibrational state generated by phonon coherent amplification technology based on the principles of quantum mechanics. Its core feature is to achieve coherent excitation and manipulation of phonon quantum states through precise control of phonon dynamics. This technology has broken through the classical physical limits of the traditional phonon laser state, providing a brand-new research method for quantum information technology. Previous research on quantum phonon laser states mainly focused on quantum van der Bohr oscillators. Quantum van der Bohr oscillators, as typical representatives of nonlinear quantum systems, have demonstrated significant theoretical value and broad application prospects in trapped-ion systems in recent years. These research breakthroughs not only successfully expand the research scope of traditional nonlinear dynamics to the quantum domain, but more importantly, provide a brand-new experimental platform and theoretical framework for exploring quantum nonlinear phenomena. Although the realization of quantum phonon laser state has been verified in two-ion systems, its practical application still faces significant challenges. The present paper explores how a single trapped ion generates quantum phonon laser states based on the three-level model. By numerically solving the quantum master equation, the steady-state characteristics of the phonon laser state are systematically analyzed, with a focus on the quantum statistical behavior of the system, including the evolution laws of the Wigner quasi-probability distribution function and the second-order correlation function. This paper also presents a specific experimental scheme, which is based on a single trapped 40Ca+ ion and uses a dual-color light field composed of a blue-sideband and a red-sideband lasers to generate quantum phonon laser states. By introducing the characteristic function of motion quantum states, the precise quantum state tomography of phonon laser states is achieved, thus providing a new approach for characterizing quantum states. In addition, there is a two-level model discussing the threshold effect of phonon lasers. However, it is found that the three-level model constructed in the present paper has significantly different phonon laser thresholds compared with the two-level model, and the three-level model can more accurately describe the physical mechanisms of complex quantum phonon laser states. 
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Keywords:
- trapped ions /
- Wigner function /
- phonon laser state
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图 1 生成量子声子激光态的三能级模型 (a) 双色光场产生声子激光态示意图. 蓝色和红色箭头线分别表示蓝边带加热和红边带冷却的激光场, 加热和冷却相互竞争以保持声子激光态的稳定振幅. (b) 离子能级结构
Fig. 1. Three-level model for generating quantum phonon laser. (a) Schematic diagram of phonon laser generated by two-color light field. The ion vibrates in the potential well, where the blue-sideband heating and red-sideband cooling processes of the ion are represented by blue and red arrows, respectively, and the heating and cooling compete with each other to maintain a stable amplitude of the phonon laser. (b) The internal energy level structure of the ion.
图 2 (a) 相图, 其中横、纵坐标都取以10为底的对数. A区域为热态区域, B区域为声子激光态区域, C区域为结果不收敛区域, 虚曲线L1是热态与声子激光态的分界线, 虚曲线L2则为声子数是否收敛的分界线; (b) 平均声子数随${g_{\text{h}}}$的变化, 其中平均声子数取以10为底的对数. 平均声子数先是快速上升, 之后会迅速收敛至稳定值; (c) D1(–0.824, 0.301)点的稳态Wigner准概率分布, 对应参数为${g_{\text{h}}} = 0.15$, ${g_{\text{c}}} = 2$; (d) D2(0.477, 0.301)点的稳态Wigner准概率分布, 对应参数为${g_{\text{h}}} = 3$, ${g_{\text{c}}} = 2$
Fig. 2. (a) Phase diagram, where the horizontal and vertical coordinates and the average number of phonons are denoted by logarithms with base 10. Number of truncation is 600. Region A is the thermal state region, region B is the phonon laser region, and region C is the non-converging region. The dashed curve L1 is the boundary between the thermal state and the phonon laser, and the dashed curve L2 is the boundary between the converging and diverging regions; (b) the mean phonon number changes with ${g_{\text{h}}}$. The average phonon number first goes up quickly, and then converges to a stable value; (c) D1(–0.8239, 0.301) steady state Wigner quasi-probability distribution, with the parameters ${g_{\text{h}}} = 0.15, {\text{ }}{g_{\text{c}}} = 2$; (d) D2(0.4771, 0.301) steady state Wigner quasi-probability distribution, with the parameters ${g_{\text{h}}} = 3, {\text{ }}{g_{\text{c}}} = 2$.
图 3 二阶关联函数 (a)声子激光态阈值上下的二阶关联函数${g^{(2)}}(\tau )$, 相关参数${g_{\text{c}}} = 1$; (b) 零时间延迟情况下的二阶关联函数${g^{(2)}}(0)$
Fig. 3. Second-order correlation function: (a) Second-order correlation function ${g^{(2)}}(\tau )$ above and below the phonon laser threshold, where the parameter is ${g_{\text{c}}} = 1$; (b) second-order correlation function ${g^{(2)}}(0)$ with zero time delay.
图 4 (a) 40Ca+内部能级结构图. 蓝线和红线分别代表蓝边带加热和红边带冷却. (b)蓝边带加热和红边带冷却过程的示意图
Fig. 4. (a) Internal energy level scheme. The blue and red lines represent blue-sideband heating and red-sideband cooling, respectively. (b) Schematic diagram of the blue-sideband heating process and the red-sideband cooling process.
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