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随着对微纳尺度系统的深入理解和实验技术的进步, 发生在这些小系统中的热输运和能量转换近期吸引了大量研究. 不同于依赖静态热力学力(如温差、电势差等)的非平衡稳态调控手段, 受时间驱动的非平衡非稳态小系统具有特有的高可调性和普遍性, 其研究同时具有基础价值和应用潜力. 本文从几何这一基本概念出发, 分析了热力学几何相(曲率)和热力学距离这两个关键物理量, 以几何的视角展现和分析近期关于受驱动非平衡量子系统中输运调控和能量转换途径的热力学研究. 热力学几何不仅可以看作是这一大类系统中非平凡输运和耗散的本质起源, 也同样给我们提供了一种理论框架, 给出对于系统输运和能量转换的限制, 同时也可以给出慢驱动条件下量子热机性能的通用优化方式. 这将在未来帮助理解非平衡量子多体系统所发挥的能量输运/转换功能, 也会为发现高性能(高效率、高功率、高可靠性)量子热机提供新的设计思路.With the in-depth understanding of nano-/micro-scaled systems and the developing of the corresponding experimental techniques, the heat transport and energy conversion processes in these small systems have attracted much interest recently. In contrast to the static manipulation methods, which hinge on the steady nonequilibrium sources such as temperature bias, chemical potential difference, etc., the temporal driving methods can control small systems in nonequilibrium non-steady states with much more versatility and universality. The research on periodically driven small systems holds both fundamental and pragmatic promises. This review is based on the fundamental concept of geometry. By analyzing the geometric phase and thermodynamic length in the transport process and the energy conversion process, we provide a unified perspective for the recent researches on the thermodynamic properties of driven nonequilibrium quantum systems. Thermodynamic geometry not only is the intrinsic origin of the nontrivial transport and dissipation, but also provides us with an all-applicable theoretical framework. The discussion over the geometry would yield multiple thermodynamic constraints on the transport and energy conversion, and can naturally construct a general optimization method as well. This will conduce to a better understanding of functionality for nonequilibrium quantum many-body systems acting as thermal machines. Also, this will inspire people to design quantum thermal machines with simultaneously more ideal performance, i.e. higher efficiency, higher power and higher constancy.
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Keywords:
- nonequilibrium quantum system /
- geometric phase /
- thermodynamic distance /
- heat pump /
- quantum heat engine
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图 1 周期性驱动非平衡量子输运和其中几何性质的示意图 (a) 非平衡量子系统示意图. 量子系统由一个包含多个能级的系统来表示, 它可以与多个热库相连. 热库温度(
$ {T}_{\mathrm{h}} $ 和$ {T}_{\mathrm{c}} $ )和系统参数$(\lambda)$ 都被含时地驱动. 由此, 可以产生系统与热库间的热量交换($ {Q}_{\mathrm{h}} $ 和$ {Q}_{\mathrm{c}} $ )以及系统的功输出(W). (b) 此非平衡量子系统在参数空间($\boldsymbol{\varLambda }\equiv \left(T, \lambda \right) $ )中的几何性质. 曲线坐标系表现出非均匀的热力学距离, 而各点的箭头表示几何联络. 几何联络在几何上对应平行移动一个微小参数时带来的和乐(holonomy)角. 热力学距离定义了一个具有度规的黎曼曲面Fig. 1. A scheme of periodically driven nonequilibrium quantum transport and its geometry. (a) A diagrammatic nonequilibrium quantum system. The middle quantum system is illustrated by a multi-level system, which is coupled with several thermal reservoirs. The temperature of reservoirs (
$ {T}_{\mathrm{h}} $ and$ {T}_{\mathrm{c}} $ ) and the mechanical parameter of the system ($ \lambda $ ) are simultaneously and periodically modulated. The heat exchange ($ {Q}_{\mathrm{h}} $ and$ {Q}_{\mathrm{c}} $ ) and work output$(W)$ are thus generated. (b) The geometry of this nonequilibrium quantum system in the space of parameters$(\boldsymbol{\varLambda }\equiv $ $ \left(T, \lambda \right) )$ . The curvilinear coordinate is adopted to show the inhomogeneous thermodynamic distance and the local vectors are for the geometric connection, as derived in the main text. Geometrically, the geometric connection is the holonomy angle during an infinitesimal parallel transport and the thermodynamic distance between neighboring points defines a Riemannian space with endowed metric.
图 2 几何相热泵浦 (a) 最初研究的量子分子结系统, 工作介质由一个两能级系统描述,
${p}$ 和${k}$ 分别为各个占据数和跃迁速率[15]; (b) 驱动两端温度产生的热泵浦现象, 图中用颜色表示了几何曲率的大小. 几何泵浦的热量为驱动回路包裹的范围内的几何曲率积分[15]. (c), (d)自旋-玻色系统中几何相热流与系统-热库耦合强度$ \alpha $ 的关系[18]. (c)为无Zeeman劈裂能的情形; (d)为有Zeeman劈裂能的情形[18]. (a), (b)改编自文献[15]; (c), (d)改编自文献[18]Fig. 2. The geometric heat pump effect. (a) The originally studied quantum molecular junction system. The working medium is described by a quantum two-level system, with
${p}$ and${k}$ denoting different populations and transition rates[15]. (b) The geometric curvature in the two-temperature parameter space. The color denotes the magnitude of the geometric curvature. The pumped heat is the integral of geometric curvature over the encircled area[15]. (c), (d) The geometrically pumped heat versus the coupling strength between the middle system and reservoirs in a quantum spin-boson system[18]. (c) is for the setup with no Zeeman splitting while the splitting is present in (d) [18]. (a), (b) are adapted from [15], while (c), (d) are adapted from [18].
图 3 通过热力学距离对慢驱动热机的限制和优化 (a) 周期驱动量子热机中的功率与效率权衡. 灰色区域是根据热力学几何得出的不可能区域, 黑色线对应等速率驱动方式, 而橙色线对应经过优化的驱动方式(驱动速度随时间变化), 这两种驱动方式中驱动速度的具体形式由图(b)给出[25]. (c), (d) 对于驱动量子热机(一个谐振子)的多目标优化[26] (c)不同的优化后的驱动速度; (d) 功的相对涨落与谐振子频率的关系, 此时为效率-功涨落的多目标优化. 红线为匀速率的驱动, 而蓝线对应优化后的驱动, 灰色区域为由热力学几何给出的不可能区域[26]. (a), (b)改编自文献[25]; (c), (d)改编自文献[26]
Fig. 3. The constraint on and optimization of slowly driven quantum heat engine using the thermodynamics distance method: (a) The efficiency-power tradeoff in driven quantum heat engine. The gray area is ruled out by the thermodynamic geometry, with the black and orange line corresponding to the constant-speed driving and optimized driving protocols (driving speed is time dependent) respectively. The driving speed in these two protocols is illustrated in Figure (b)[25]. (c), (d) A multiple target optimization of a driven heat engine composed of a harmonic oscillator: (c) the driving speed of the optimization result with different targets[26]; (d) the relative work fluctuation versus the oscillator’s frequency (system’s parameter) with a multiple target optimization. The red line is for the constant speed driving while the blue one is for the optimized protocol. The gray area is prohibited by the thermodynamic geometry[26]. (a), (b) are adapted from Ref. [25], while (c), (d) are adapted from Ref. [26].
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[1] Martínez I A, Roldán É, Dinis L, Petrov D, Parrondo J M, Rica R A 2016 Nat. Phys. 12 67
Google Scholar
[2] Seifert U 2008 Eur. Phys. J. B 64 423
Google Scholar
[3] Scully M O, Zubairy M S, Agarwal G S, Walther H 2003 Science 299 862
Google Scholar
[4] Roßnagel J, Abah O, Schmidt-Kaler F, Singer K, Lutz E 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 30602
Google Scholar
[5] Rahav S, Harbola U, Mukamel S 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 43843
Google Scholar
[6] Goswami H P, Harbola U 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 13842
Google Scholar
[7] 王子, 张丹妹, 任捷 2019 物理学报 68 220302
Google Scholar
Wang Z, Zhang DM, Ren J 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 220302
Google Scholar
[8] Esposito M, Lindenberg K, Van den Broeck C 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 130602
Google Scholar
[9] Nakpathomkun N, Xu H Q, Linke H 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 235428
Google Scholar
[10] Tu Z C 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21 020513
Google Scholar
[11] Van den Broeck C 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 190602
Google Scholar
[12] Abiuso P, Perarnau-Llobet M 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 110606
Google Scholar
[13] Miller H J, Mohammady M H, Perarnau-Llobet M, Guarnieri G 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 210603
Google Scholar
[14] Solon A P, Horowitz J M 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 180605
Google Scholar
[15] Ren J, Hänggi P, Li B 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 170601
Google Scholar
[16] Nie W, Li G, Li X, Chen A, Lan Y, Zhu S 2020 Phys. Rev. A 102 43512
Google Scholar
[17] Ren J, Liu S, Li B 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 210603
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[18] Wang C, Ren J, Cao J 2017 Phys. Rev. A 95 23610
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[19] Giri S K, Goswami H P 2017 Phys. Rev. E 96 052129
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[22] Sagawa T, Hayakawa H 2011 Phys. Rev. E 84 51110
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Google Scholar
[25] Brandner K, Saito K 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 40602
Google Scholar
[26] Miller H J, Mehboudi M 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 260602
Google Scholar
[27] Breuer H, Petruccione F 2002 The Theory of Open Quantum Systems (New York: Oxford University Press)
[28] Kolodrubetz M, Sels D, Mehta P, Polkovnikov A 2017 Phys. Rep. 697 1
Google Scholar
[29] Cavina V, Mari A, Giovannetti V 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 50601
Google Scholar
[30] Sekimoto K 1997 J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 66 1234
Google Scholar
[31] Berry M V 1984 Proc. R. Soc. A 392 45
Google Scholar
[32] Thouless D J 1983 Phys. Rev. B 27 6083
Google Scholar
[33] Deffner S, Lutz E 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 140404
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[44] Guéry-Odelin D, Ruschhaupt A, Kiely A, Torrontegui E, Martínez-Garaot S, Muga J G 2019 Rev. Mod. Phys. 91 45001
Google Scholar
[45] Takahashi K, Fujii K, Hino Y, Hayakawa H 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 150602
Google Scholar
[46] Funo K, Lambert N, Nori F, Flindt C 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 150603
Google Scholar
[47] Hatano T, Sasa S 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 3463
Google Scholar
[48] Weinhold F 1975 J. Chem. Phys. 63 2479
Google Scholar
[49] Ruppeiner G 1995 Rev. Mod. Phys. 67 605
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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