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弓网滑动电接触是高速列车获取能量的唯一途径. 随列车速度、牵引功率提升以及在复杂多变环境中运行, 弓网电弧发生率提高、物性参数改变、危害增加, 严重威胁高铁安全. 本文系统综述了弓网电弧研究进展, 梳理了弓网电弧物理特性、试验及仿真研究方法, 重点分析了运行参数与环境条件对弓网电弧的影响规律及机理, 归纳了防治策略并探讨了电弧能量利用等新方向. 现有工作充分研究了运行参数对弓网电弧危害特性的影响, 但对弓网电弧物性参数及演化机理的研究较少, 缺乏对覆冰等特殊工况下弓网电弧现象的研究; 且现有弓网电弧防护手段需针对复杂环境工况进行改进, 以满足日益增长的弓网电弧防护需求. 基于综述提出两点未来展望: 1)要厘清特殊环境弓网电弧物性参数, 探明“环境工况-物性参数-电弧行为”关联机制, 为精准预测提供基础; 2)要从“源头抑制-界面防护-过程干预”出发, 建立弓网电弧高效防治体系. 本文旨在为中国高速铁路弓网系统的可靠受流与电弧防治提供理论参考与工程借鉴.The pantograph-catenary system (PCS) serves as the exclusive means of power supply for high-speed trains.As train speeds increase, traction power rises, and operations take place in complex and variable environments, pantograph arcing has become more frequent. This phenomenon is accompanied by changes in physical properties and increased hazards, which seriously threaten the safety of high-speed railways. This paper systematically reviews the recent researches on pantograph arc, and outlines physical characteristics, experimental techniques, and simulation methods. The study focuses on analyzing the effects and mechanisms of operating parameters and environmental conditions on pantograph arc, summarizes prevention strategies, and explores applications such as arc energy utilization. Existing research has sufficiently examined how operational parameters affect arc hazards, yet studies on arc physical properties and evolution mechanisms remain limited, particularly regarding special conditions such as icing. Current protection methods also require adaptation to complex environments to meet the growing demands for arc management. Two future research priorities are proposed: first, clarifying the physical properties of an arc under special environments and establishing the correlation among “environmental conditions, an arc’s physical properties, and its behavior” to enable accurate prediction; second, developing an efficient arc prevention system through the approach of “source suppression, interface protection, and process intervention”. This review aims to provide theoretical and practical guidance for realizing reliable current collection and effective arc control in high-speed railway PCS in China.
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Keywords:
- pantograph arc /
- electrical erosion /
- pantograph-catenary system /
- high-speed trains
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图 1 高速列车弓网系统与弓网电弧 (a) 高速列车弓网系统; (b) 弓网电弧的危害; (c) 弓网电弧的特点
Fig. 1. Pantograph-catenary system (PCS) and pantograph arc of high-speed train: (a) PCS for high-speed trains; (b) hazard of pantograph arc; (c) characteristics of pantograph arc.
图 2 弓网电弧物性参数[41] (a) 质量密度; (b) 比焓; (c) 电子比定压热容; (d) 重粒子比定压热容; (e) 电导率; (f) 热导率; (g) 黏度系数
Fig. 2. Physical parameters of pantograph arc[41]: (a) Mass density; (b) specific enthalpy; (c) electronic specific heat; (d) heavy particle specific heat; (e) electrical conductivity; (f) thermal conductivity; (g) viscosity coefficient.
图 3 弓网电弧试验平台的发展 (a) 升降弓电弧试验台[43]; (b) 盘-销式弓网载流摩擦试验台[45]; (c) 高速弓网试验台[46]; (d) 弓网电弧试验台[47]
Fig. 3. Development of pantograph arc test platform: (a) Static arc test platform[43]; (b) pantograph-catenary current-carrying friction test platform[45]; (c) high-speed pantograph-catenary test platform[46]; (d) pantograph arc test platform[47].
图 9 高铁运行参数对弓网电弧特性的影响 (a) 列车速度对弓网电弧特性的影响[10]; (b) 电流特征对弓网电弧能量的影响[11]; (c) 列车速度对电弧功率与持续时间的影响[57]
Fig. 9. Influence of high-speed train operating conditions on pantograph arc characteristics: (a) Influence of train speed on arc characteristics[10]; (b) influence of current characteristics on arc energy[11]; (c) influence of speed on arc power and duration[57].
图 10 高铁运行参数对弓网电弧电磁干扰的影响 (a) 接触力对电弧电磁干扰的影响[59,64]; (b) 运行车速对电弧电磁干扰的影响[60]; (c) 牵引电流对电弧电磁干扰的影响[60]
Fig. 10. Influence of high-speed train operating conditions on arc electromagnetic interference (a) Effect of contact force on arc electromagnetic interference[59,64]; (b) effect of vehicle speed on arc electromagnetic interference[60]; (c) effect of traction current on arc electromagnetic interference[60].
图 11 高铁运行参数对电弧烧蚀行为的影响 (a) 接触力波动对电弧发生率的影响[15]; (b) 电弧发生率对侵蚀量的影响[47]; (c) 车速对电弧烧蚀面积的影响[69]
Fig. 11. Influence of high-speed train operating conditions on arc ablation behavior: (a) Effect of contact force fluctuation on arcing incidence[15]; (b) effect of arc rate on erosion[47]; (c) effect of vehicle speed on arc ablation area[69].
图 13 大气环境对电弧的影响[18] (a) 气流对弧柱弧根的影响; (b) 气压对弧柱弧根的影响; (c) 气流对电弧运动速度的影响; (d) 气压对电弧运动速度的影响
Fig. 13. Influence of atmospheric environment on arcing[18]: (a) Effect of airflow on arc column and root; (b) effect of air pressure on arc column and root; (c) effect of airflow on arc velocity; (d) effect of air pressure on arc velocity.
图 14 潮湿降雨环境对电弧的影响 (a) 降雨量对电弧电压的影响[76]; (b) 降雨量对电弧形态的影响[76]; (c) 湿度对弓网电弧特性的影响[20]; (d) 雨水酸性对电弧放电频次的影响[19]
Fig. 14. Influence of humid and rainy environment conditions on arcing: (a) Effect of rainfall on arc voltage[76]; (b) effect of rainfall on arc morphology[76]; (c) effect of humidity on arc characteristics[20]; (d) effect of rainwater acidity on arc discharge frequency[19].
图 15 弓网结构 (a) 受电弓结构; (b) 接触网结构
Fig. 15. Structure of PCS: (a) Pantograph structure; (b) catenary structure.
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