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In this paper, the idea of electromagnetic surface (EMS) is introduced into the design of microstrip antenna array. The antenna element proposed in this paper is treated as an EMS element, whose reflection characteristics are taken into consideration in the process of antenna array design. Firstly, a rectangular patch antenna element is designed. Then, by cutting arc-shaped structure into a rectangular patch, another element is created to generate 180° ± 30° effective phase difference compared with original antenna element. As a consequence, 180° ± 30° effective phase difference is obtained from 5.5 GHz to 6.9 GHz for the y-polarized incidence. Meanwhile, for the x-polarized incidence, each of the two elements possesses high absorptivity over the operating frequency as a result of matching load. Besides, the two elements work in the same resonant mode and the same resonant frequency band when treated as radiators. In order to further explain the consistency in radiation and difference in reflection between the two structures, current distribution at 5.8 GHz is investigated in terms of radiation and reflection. Then, the two elements are arranged into a chessboard array to achieve the low scattering performance based on phase cancellation principle under the y-polarized incidence. Based on the absorption principle, the matching load is added to improve the scattering performance of the composite antenna array with the x-polarized incidence. Simultaneously, the proposed antenna array maintains good radiation characteristics due to the consistency between the radiation performances of the two elements. The corresponding antenna array is fabricated and tested. Simulated and measured results prove that the proposed antenna array also achieves good radiation performance. And a 6 dB radar cross section reduction is obtained from 5.6 to 6.2 GHz under the x polarization and from 5.5 to 7.0 GHz under the y polarization for the normal incident wave, implying 10.1% and 24% in relative bandwidth, respectively. In-band reflection suppression in the specular direction is demonstrated for an incident angle of 30° under both polarizations. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones. Additionally, the approach proposed in this paper offers an effective way to deal with the confliction between radiation and scattering performance, and can also be applied to other kinds of antenna arrays.
[1] 李文强, 曹祥玉, 高军, 赵一, 杨欢欢, 刘涛 2015 物理学报 64 094102
Google Scholar
Li W Q, Cao X Y, Gao J, Zhao Y, Yang H H, Liu T 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 094102
Google Scholar
[2] Jiang W, Zhang Y, Deng Z B, Hong T 2013 J. Electromagn. Waves 27 1077
Google Scholar
[3] 姜文, 龚书喜, 洪涛, 王兴 2010 电子学报 38 2162
Jiang W, Gong S X, Hong T, Wang X 2010 Acta Electronica Sinica 38 2162
[4] Genovesi S, Costa F, Monorchio A 2014 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 62 163
Google Scholar
[5] Landy N I, Sajuyigbe S, Mock J J, Smith D R, Padilla W J 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 207402
Google Scholar
[6] Lan J X, Cao X Y, Gao J, Cong L L, Wang S M, Yang H H 2018 Radioengineering 27 746
Google Scholar
[7] Zhang C, Cheng Q, Yang J, Zhao J, Cui T J 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 143511
Google Scholar
[8] Paquay M, Iriarte J C, Ederra I, Gonzalo R, Maagt P 2007 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 55 3630
Google Scholar
[9] Zheng Y J, Gao J, Xu L M, Cao X Y, Liu T 2017 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 16 1651
Google Scholar
[10] Wang H B, Cheng Y J 2016 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 64 914
Google Scholar
[11] Xu G Y, Hum S V, Eleftheriades G V 2018 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 66 780
Google Scholar
[12] Jia Y T, Liu Y, Zhang W B, Wang J, Wang Y Z, Gong S X, Liao G S 2018 Opt. Mater. 8 597
Google Scholar
[13] Zheng Q, Guo C J, Ding J 2018 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 17 1459
Google Scholar
[14] 杨欢欢, 曹祥玉, 高军, 刘涛, 马嘉俊, 姚旭, 李文强 2013 物理学报 62 064103
Google Scholar
Yang H H, Cao X Y, Gao J, Liu T, Ma J J, Yao X, Li W Q 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 064103
Google Scholar
[15] Zheng Y J, Cao X Y, Gao J, Yuan Z D, Yang H H 2015 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 14 1582
Google Scholar
[16] Liu Y, Li K, Jia Y T, Hao Y W, Gong S X, Guo Y J 2016 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 64 326
Google Scholar
[17] Joozdani M Z, Amirhosseini M K, Abdolali A 2016 Electron. Lett. 52 767
Google Scholar
[18] Su J X, Kong C Y, Li Z R, Yin H C, Yang Y Q 2017 Electron. Lett. 53 520
Google Scholar
[19] Kang X L, Su J X, Zhang H, Yang Y Q 2017 Electron. Lett. 53 1088
Google Scholar
[20] Zhang C, Gao J, Cao X Y, Xu L M, Hang J F 2018 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 17 869
Google Scholar
[21] 孙慧峰, 邓云凯, 雷宏, 焦军军, 石力 2012 中国科学院研究生院学报 29 282
Sun H F, Deng Y K, Lei H, Jiao J J, Shi L 2012 J. Graduate Sch. Chin. Acad. Sci. 29 282
[22] 李响 2017 硕士学位论文 (南京: 南京信息工程大学)
Li X 2017 M. S. Thesis (Nanjing: Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology) (in Chinese)
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图 1 单元三维结构示意图 (a) 单元1; (b) 单元2
Figure 1. Geometry of (a) element 1 and (b) element 2.
图 2 匹配负载对EMS1反射特性的影响 (a) 反射幅度; (b) 反射相位
Figure 2. Reflection characteristics with and without matching load: (a) Reflection magnitude; (b) reflection phase.
图 3 不同参数对EMS1反射特性的影响 (a) l1对反射幅度的影响; (b) l1对反射相位的影响; (c) s1对反射幅度的影响; (d) s1对反射相位的影响; (e) w1对反射幅度的影响; (f) w1对反射相位的影响
Figure 3. Effects of various parameters on reflection performance: Effects of l1 on (a) reflection magnitude and (b) phase; effects of s1 on (c) reflection magnitude and (d) phase; effects of w1 on (e) reflection magnitude and (f) phase.
图 4 弧形缺口对天线|S11|及y极化下反射相位的影响
Figure 4. Influences of arc-shaped structure on reflection coefficient |S11| and reflection phase.
图 5 天线单元辐射特性 (a) |S11|; (b) 方向图
Figure 5. Radiation properties of two elements: (a) Reflection coefficients |S11|; (b) two-dimensional radiation patterns at 5.8 GHz.
图 6 EMS反射特性 (a) 反射幅度; (b) 反射相位
Figure 6. Reflection characteristics of two elements: (a) Reflection magnitude; (b) reflection phase.
图 7 表面电场与电流分布 (a) E1在5.8 GHz的表面电场分布; (b) E2在5.8 GHz的表面电场分布; (c) EMS1在5.24 GHz的表面电流分布; (d) EMS2在6.86 GHz的表面电流分布
Figure 7. Surface E-field distributions at 5.8 GHz of (a) E1 and (b) E2; surface current distributions (c) at 5.24 GHz of EMS1 and (d) at 6.86 GHz of EMS2.
图 8 设计天线阵的模型示意图
Figure 8. Schematic geometry of the proposed antenna array
图 9 仿真天线阵辐射性能 (a) |S11|; (b) 增益; (c) 5.8 GHz处xoz面辐射方向图; (d) 5.8 GHz处yoz面辐射方向图
Figure 9. Simulated radiation properties of proposed antenna array: (a) Reflection coefficients |S11|; (b) gain; two-dimensional radiation patterns at 5.8 GHz for (c) xoz plane; (d) yoz plane.
图 10 电磁波垂直入射时天线阵单站RCS (a) x极化; (b) y极化
Figure 10. Simulated scattering properties of antenna array under normal incidence: (a) x-polarization; (b) y-polarization.
图 11 电磁波斜30°入射时天线阵镜像双站RCS (a) x极化; (b) y极化
Figure 11. Simulated specular scattering properties of antenna array for incident angle of 30°: (a) x-polarized incidence; (b) y-polarized incidence.
图 12 5.8 GHz处三维散射图 (a) x极化下金属板; (b) x极化下天线阵; (c) y极化下金属板; (d) y极化下天线阵
Figure 12. Three-dimensional scattering patterns of total RCS at 5.8 GHz under x-polarized incidence for (a) metal board and (b) antenna array; under y-polarized incidence for (c) metal board and (d) antenna array.
图 13 阵列天线实物及测试配置图 (a) 天线阵实物; (b) 功分器; (c) 散射测试环境
Figure 13. Fabricated sample of antenna array and testing environment: (a) Sample; (b) one in two power divider RS2W2080-S and one in eight power dividers RS8W2080-S; (c) testing environment for scattering performance.
图 14 实测天线阵的辐射特性 (a) |S11|; (b) 5.8 GHz处xoz面辐射方向图; (c) 5.8 GHz处yoz面辐射方向图
Figure 14. Measured radiation properties of antenna array: (a) Measured reflection coefficients |S11|; two-dimensional radiation patterns at 5.8 GHz for (b) xoz plane; (c) yoz plane.
图 15 RCS减缩量 (a) 入射波垂直入射; (b) 入射波斜30°入射
Figure 15. RCS reduction in contract to metal board for incident angles of (a) 0° and (b) 30°.
表 1 本文所设计的低散射微带天线阵与文献[17−20]中的对比
Table 1. Comparison between this work and other antenna arrays in Ref. [17−20].
阵列规模 阵元间隔/$\lambda $ 天线阵尺寸大小 天线阵相对带宽/% 带内RCS减缩量 RCS缩减相对带宽/% 文献[17] 2 × 2 0.69 1.38$\lambda $ × 1.38$\lambda $ 2.4 无减缩 122 文献[18] 2 × 2 0.64 2.40$\lambda $ × 2.40$\lambda $ 10.9 3 dB以上 126 文献[19] 2 × 2 0.60 3.65$\lambda $ × 3.65$\lambda $ 11.0 5 dB以上 93 文献[20] 2 × 2 0.90 1.80$\lambda $ × 1.80$\lambda $ 5.5 无减缩 69 本文 4 × 4 0.48 1.92$\lambda $ × 1.92$\lambda $ 6.9 6 dB以上 59 
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[1] 李文强, 曹祥玉, 高军, 赵一, 杨欢欢, 刘涛 2015 物理学报 64 094102
Google Scholar
Li W Q, Cao X Y, Gao J, Zhao Y, Yang H H, Liu T 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 094102
Google Scholar
[2] Jiang W, Zhang Y, Deng Z B, Hong T 2013 J. Electromagn. Waves 27 1077
Google Scholar
[3] 姜文, 龚书喜, 洪涛, 王兴 2010 电子学报 38 2162
Jiang W, Gong S X, Hong T, Wang X 2010 Acta Electronica Sinica 38 2162
[4] Genovesi S, Costa F, Monorchio A 2014 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 62 163
Google Scholar
[5] Landy N I, Sajuyigbe S, Mock J J, Smith D R, Padilla W J 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 207402
Google Scholar
[6] Lan J X, Cao X Y, Gao J, Cong L L, Wang S M, Yang H H 2018 Radioengineering 27 746
Google Scholar
[7] Zhang C, Cheng Q, Yang J, Zhao J, Cui T J 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 143511
Google Scholar
[8] Paquay M, Iriarte J C, Ederra I, Gonzalo R, Maagt P 2007 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 55 3630
Google Scholar
[9] Zheng Y J, Gao J, Xu L M, Cao X Y, Liu T 2017 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 16 1651
Google Scholar
[10] Wang H B, Cheng Y J 2016 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 64 914
Google Scholar
[11] Xu G Y, Hum S V, Eleftheriades G V 2018 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 66 780
Google Scholar
[12] Jia Y T, Liu Y, Zhang W B, Wang J, Wang Y Z, Gong S X, Liao G S 2018 Opt. Mater. 8 597
Google Scholar
[13] Zheng Q, Guo C J, Ding J 2018 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 17 1459
Google Scholar
[14] 杨欢欢, 曹祥玉, 高军, 刘涛, 马嘉俊, 姚旭, 李文强 2013 物理学报 62 064103
Google Scholar
Yang H H, Cao X Y, Gao J, Liu T, Ma J J, Yao X, Li W Q 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 064103
Google Scholar
[15] Zheng Y J, Cao X Y, Gao J, Yuan Z D, Yang H H 2015 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 14 1582
Google Scholar
[16] Liu Y, Li K, Jia Y T, Hao Y W, Gong S X, Guo Y J 2016 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 64 326
Google Scholar
[17] Joozdani M Z, Amirhosseini M K, Abdolali A 2016 Electron. Lett. 52 767
Google Scholar
[18] Su J X, Kong C Y, Li Z R, Yin H C, Yang Y Q 2017 Electron. Lett. 53 520
Google Scholar
[19] Kang X L, Su J X, Zhang H, Yang Y Q 2017 Electron. Lett. 53 1088
Google Scholar
[20] Zhang C, Gao J, Cao X Y, Xu L M, Hang J F 2018 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 17 869
Google Scholar
[21] 孙慧峰, 邓云凯, 雷宏, 焦军军, 石力 2012 中国科学院研究生院学报 29 282
Sun H F, Deng Y K, Lei H, Jiao J J, Shi L 2012 J. Graduate Sch. Chin. Acad. Sci. 29 282
[22] 李响 2017 硕士学位论文 (南京: 南京信息工程大学)
Li X 2017 M. S. Thesis (Nanjing: Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology) (in Chinese)
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